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Okiep Copper District, Namakwa District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africai
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Okiep Copper District | Mining District |
| Namakwa District Municipality | District Municipality |
| Northern Cape | Province |
| South Africa | Country |
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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
29° 35' 44'' South , 17° 52' 50'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Area:
3,000 km2
Type:
Köppen climate type:
Other/historical names associated with this locality:
O'okiep Copper District
Okiep is a small town in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, and was in the 1870s ranked as having the richest copper mine in the world. The town is on the site of a spring that was known in the Khoekhoe language of the Nama people as U-gieb (large brackish place) and was originally spelled as O'okiep.
Early settlers in the Cape Colony heard rumours of mountains in the north-west that were fabulously rich in copper. Governor Simon van der Stel was inclined to believe these tales when, in 1681, a group of Namas visited the Castle in Cape Town and brought along some pure copper. Van der Stel himself led a major expedition in 1685 and reached the fabled mountains on 21 October. Three shafts were sunk and revealed a rich lode of copper ore - the shafts exist to this day. For almost 200 years nothing was done about the discovery, largely because of its remote location. The explorer James Alexander was the first to follow up on van der Stel's discovery. In 1852 he examined the old shafts, discovered some other copper outcrops and started mining operations. Prospectors, miners and speculators rushed to the area, but many companies collapsed when the logistical difficulties became apparent.
The first miners were Cornish, and brought with them the expertise of centuries of tin-mining in Cornwall. The ruins of the buildings they constructed as well as the stonework of the bridges and culverts of the railway built to transport the ore to Port Nolloth, can still be seen. The Namaqualand Railway started operating in 1876 and lasted for 68 years, carrying ore to Port Nolloth and returning with equipment and provisions. The carriages were initially pulled by mules and horses, which were later replaced by steam locomotives - the last of these, the Clara, stands at Nababeep. Nowadays road transport is used to convey the ore to the railhead at Bitterfontein. The other principal mines of the area are at Carolusberg and Nababeep.
Okiep’s mine saw action on 4 April 1902 during the Anglo-Boer war when some 700 officers and men of the 3rd Battalion Queen's Royal Regiment, 5th Royal Warwickshire Regiment, Namaqualand Border Scouts, the Town Guard and the Cape Garrison Artillery, withstood a 30-day siege by Jan Smuts’ forces. The village of Concordia with a garrison of 100 men, surrendered a day after the siege started. On 4 May 1902 a British relief column arrived from Port Nolloth and ended the siege. A ruined blockhouse is still visible on a hill north-east of the town.
As with most metals copper suffered mixed fortunes, and in the early 20th century the copper price dropped below the profitable level, so that mining operations ceased, but were resumed when prices rose.
Between 1852 and 2002, the 2,500 km² area yielded two million tons of copper from 32 mines ranging in ore tonnages from 140,000 to 37 million tons. Almost all of the copper in the O’okiep District occurs in the Koperberg Suite, of which there are 1,700 small bodies that constitute 0.7% of the outcrop area. The suite comprises jotunite, anorthosite, biotite diorite, and hypersthenic rocks ranging from leuconorite to hypersthenite, and it is one of only two world examples of economic copper mineralization in rocks of the anorthosite–charnockite kindred. The principal ore parageneses are: chalcopyrite+pyrrhotite/pentlandite (Narrap-type ore), bornite+Ti-free magnetite (Carolusberg-type ore), and bornite+chalcopyrite± chalcocite±covellite (Hoits-type ore).
Early settlers in the Cape Colony heard rumours of mountains in the north-west that were fabulously rich in copper. Governor Simon van der Stel was inclined to believe these tales when, in 1681, a group of Namas visited the Castle in Cape Town and brought along some pure copper. Van der Stel himself led a major expedition in 1685 and reached the fabled mountains on 21 October. Three shafts were sunk and revealed a rich lode of copper ore - the shafts exist to this day. For almost 200 years nothing was done about the discovery, largely because of its remote location. The explorer James Alexander was the first to follow up on van der Stel's discovery. In 1852 he examined the old shafts, discovered some other copper outcrops and started mining operations. Prospectors, miners and speculators rushed to the area, but many companies collapsed when the logistical difficulties became apparent.
The first miners were Cornish, and brought with them the expertise of centuries of tin-mining in Cornwall. The ruins of the buildings they constructed as well as the stonework of the bridges and culverts of the railway built to transport the ore to Port Nolloth, can still be seen. The Namaqualand Railway started operating in 1876 and lasted for 68 years, carrying ore to Port Nolloth and returning with equipment and provisions. The carriages were initially pulled by mules and horses, which were later replaced by steam locomotives - the last of these, the Clara, stands at Nababeep. Nowadays road transport is used to convey the ore to the railhead at Bitterfontein. The other principal mines of the area are at Carolusberg and Nababeep.
Okiep’s mine saw action on 4 April 1902 during the Anglo-Boer war when some 700 officers and men of the 3rd Battalion Queen's Royal Regiment, 5th Royal Warwickshire Regiment, Namaqualand Border Scouts, the Town Guard and the Cape Garrison Artillery, withstood a 30-day siege by Jan Smuts’ forces. The village of Concordia with a garrison of 100 men, surrendered a day after the siege started. On 4 May 1902 a British relief column arrived from Port Nolloth and ended the siege. A ruined blockhouse is still visible on a hill north-east of the town.
As with most metals copper suffered mixed fortunes, and in the early 20th century the copper price dropped below the profitable level, so that mining operations ceased, but were resumed when prices rose.
Between 1852 and 2002, the 2,500 km² area yielded two million tons of copper from 32 mines ranging in ore tonnages from 140,000 to 37 million tons. Almost all of the copper in the O’okiep District occurs in the Koperberg Suite, of which there are 1,700 small bodies that constitute 0.7% of the outcrop area. The suite comprises jotunite, anorthosite, biotite diorite, and hypersthenic rocks ranging from leuconorite to hypersthenite, and it is one of only two world examples of economic copper mineralization in rocks of the anorthosite–charnockite kindred. The principal ore parageneses are: chalcopyrite+pyrrhotite/pentlandite (Narrap-type ore), bornite+Ti-free magnetite (Carolusberg-type ore), and bornite+chalcopyrite± chalcocite±covellite (Hoits-type ore).
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Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsCommodity List
This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.Mineral List
Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities83 valid minerals.
Rock Types Recorded
Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities
Select Rock List Type
Alphabetical List Tree DiagramDetailed Mineral List:
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Native Copper | 1.AA.05 | Cu |
| ⓘ | Native Bismuth | 1.CA.05 | Bi |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| ⓘ | Chalcocite | 2.BA.05 | Cu2S |
| ⓘ | Bornite | 2.BA.15 | Cu5FeS4 |
| ⓘ | Rickardite | 2.BA.30 | Cu7Te5 |
| ⓘ | Hessite | 2.BA.60 | Ag2Te |
| ⓘ | Pentlandite | 2.BB.15 | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| ⓘ | Covellite | 2.CA.05a | CuS |
| ⓘ | Coloradoite | 2.CB.05a | HgTe |
| ⓘ | Sphalerite | 2.CB.05a | ZnS |
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | Cubanite | 2.CB.55a | CuFe2S3 |
| ⓘ | Pyrrhotite | 2.CC.10 | Fe1-xS |
| ⓘ | Millerite | 2.CC.20 | NiS |
| ⓘ | Mackinawite | 2.CC.25 | FeS |
| ⓘ | Galena | 2.CD.10 | PbS |
| ⓘ | Linnaeite | 2.DA.05 | Co2+Co3+2S4 |
| ⓘ | Bismuthinite | 2.DB.05 | Bi2S3 |
| ⓘ | Tetradymite | 2.DC.05 | Bi2Te2S |
| ⓘ | Sylvanite | 2.EA.05 | AgAuTe4 |
| ⓘ | Melonite | 2.EA.20 | NiTe2 |
| ⓘ | Molybdenite | 2.EA.30 | MoS2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Valleriite | 2.FD.30 | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| ⓘ | 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' | 2.GB.05 | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| Group 3 - Halides | |||
| ⓘ | Fluorite | 3.AB.25 | CaF2 |
| ⓘ | Connellite | 3.DA.25 | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| ⓘ | Goethite | 4.00. | Fe3+O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Cuprite | 4.AA.10 | Cu2O |
| ⓘ | Tenorite | 4.AB.10 | CuO |
| ⓘ | Jacobsite ? | 4.BB.05 | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Magnetite | 4.BB.05 | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Spinel | 4.BB.05 | MgAl2O4 |
| ⓘ | Corundum | 4.CB.05 | Al2O3 |
| ⓘ | Hematite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ | Ilmenite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2+TiO3 |
| ⓘ | Quartz var. "Herkimer-style" Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 | |
| ⓘ | Cassiterite ? | 4.DB.05 | SnO2 |
| ⓘ | Rutile | 4.DB.05 | TiO2 |
| ⓘ | Ferberite | 4.DB.30 | FeWO4 |
| ⓘ | Hübnerite | 4.DB.30 | MnWO4 |
| ⓘ | 'Wolframite Group' | 4.DB.30 va | |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| ⓘ | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
| ⓘ | Smithsonite | 5.AB.05 | ZnCO3 |
| ⓘ | Dolomite | 5.AB.10 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Azurite | 5.BA.05 | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Malachite | 5.BA.10 | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Bismutite | 5.BE.25 | (BiO)2CO3 |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| ⓘ | Anhydrite | 7.AD.30 | CaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Brochantite | 7.BB.25 | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Chalcanthite | 7.CB.20 | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ | Gypsum | 7.CD.40 | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Cyanotrichite | 7.DE.10 | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Scheelite | 7.GA.05 | Ca(WO4) |
| Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |||
| ⓘ | Xenotime-(Y) | 8.AD.35 | Y(PO4) |
| ⓘ | Libethenite | 8.BB.30 | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| ⓘ | Pseudomalachite | 8.BD.05 | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Reichenbachite | 8.BD.05 | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Cornetite | 8.BE.15 | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| ⓘ | Fluorapatite | 8.BN.05 | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| ⓘ | Metatorbernite | 8.EB.10 | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| ⓘ | Almandine | 9.AD.25 | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Thorite | 9.AD.30 | Th(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | Zircon | 9.AD.30 | Zr(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | Thorite var. Uranothorite | 9.AD.30 | (Th,U)SiO4 |
| ⓘ | Sillimanite | 9.AF.05 | Al2(SiO4)O |
| ⓘ | Titanite | 9.AG.15 | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | Axinite-(Fe) | 9.BD.20 | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| ⓘ | Clinozoisite | 9.BG.05a | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| ⓘ | Epidote | 9.BG.05a | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| ⓘ | Zoisite | 9.BG.10 | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| ⓘ | Cordierite | 9.CJ.10 | Mg2Al4Si5O18 |
| ⓘ | Enstatite | 9.DA.05 | Mg2Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Prehnite | 9.DP.20 | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Plancheite | 9.DP.55 | Cu8(Si8O22)(OH)4 · H2O |
| ⓘ | Muscovite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | var. Sericite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Phlogopite | 9.EC.20 | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Clinochlore | 9.EC.55 | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| ⓘ | Kaolinite | 9.ED.05 | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Allophane | 9.ED.20 | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| ⓘ | Chrysocolla | 9.ED.20 | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| ⓘ | Microcline | 9.FA.30 | K(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | Orthoclase | 9.FA.30 | K(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | Albite | 9.FA.35 | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | var. Andesine | 9.FA.35 | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| ⓘ | Anorthite | 9.FA.35 | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| ⓘ | var. Labradorite | 9.FA.35 | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Unclassified | |||
| ⓘ | 'Biotite' | - | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Cualstibite-1M' | - | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| ⓘ | 'Calcium Amphibole Subgroup var. Hornblende' | - | AnCa2(Z2+5-mZ3+m)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Hypersthene' | - | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| ⓘ | 'Limonite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Monazite Group' | - | REE(PO4) |
| ⓘ | 'Pumpellyite Subgroup' | - | Ca2XAl2[Si2O6(OH)][SiO4](OH)2A |
| ⓘ | 'Stilbite Subgroup' | - | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| ⓘ | 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Hornblende Root Name Group' | - | ◻Ca2(C2+4C3+)(AlSi7O22)W2 |
| ⓘ | 'Plagioclase' | - | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| ⓘ | 'Pyroxene Group' | - | ADSi2O6 |
| ⓘ | 'Garnet Group' | - | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | 'Apatite' | - | Ca5(PO4)3A |
| ⓘ | 'Axinite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Olivine Group' | - | M2SiO4 |
| ⓘ | 'Calcium Amphibole Subgroup' | - | AnCa2(C2+5-mC3+m)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))W2 |
| ⓘ | 'Allanite Group' | - | (A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| ⓘ | 'Glimmerite' | - | |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| H | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| H | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| H | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| H | ⓘ Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| H | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| H | ⓘ Cornetite | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| H | ⓘ Cualstibite-1M | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| H | ⓘ Cyanotrichite | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| H | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| H | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Calcium Amphibole Subgroup var. Hornblende | AnCa2(Z2+5-mZm3+)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| H | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Plancheite | Cu8(Si8O22)(OH)4 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Pseudomalachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Pumpellyite Subgroup | Ca2XAl2[Si2O6(OH)][SiO4](OH)2A |
| H | ⓘ Reichenbachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| H | ⓘ Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Allanite Group | (A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| B | Boron | |
| B | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
| C | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Albite var. Andesine | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| O | ⓘ Anhydrite | CaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| O | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Almandine | Fe32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| O | ⓘ Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
| O | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| O | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| O | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| O | ⓘ Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| O | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Cordierite | Mg2Al4Si5O18 |
| O | ⓘ Cornetite | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| O | ⓘ Corundum | Al2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Cuprite | Cu2O |
| O | ⓘ Cualstibite-1M | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| O | ⓘ Cyanotrichite | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| O | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| O | ⓘ Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| O | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| O | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Quartz var. "Herkimer-style" Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Calcium Amphibole Subgroup var. Hornblende | AnCa2(Z2+5-mZm3+)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| O | ⓘ Hübnerite | MnWO4 |
| O | ⓘ Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| O | ⓘ Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| O | ⓘ Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Monazite Group | REE(PO4) |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Plancheite | Cu8(Si8O22)(OH)4 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Pseudomalachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Pumpellyite Subgroup | Ca2XAl2[Si2O6(OH)][SiO4](OH)2A |
| O | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Reichenbachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| O | ⓘ Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| O | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| O | ⓘ Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Tenorite | CuO |
| O | ⓘ Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Titanite | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| O | ⓘ Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) |
| O | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| O | ⓘ Thorite var. Uranothorite | (Th,U)SiO4 |
| O | ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series | |
| O | ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(C42+C3+)(AlSi7O22)W2 |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| O | ⓘ Pyroxene Group | ADSi2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3A |
| O | ⓘ Olivine Group | M2SiO4 |
| O | ⓘ Allanite Group | (A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| F | Fluorine | |
| F | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| F | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| F | ⓘ Fluorite | CaF2 |
| F | ⓘ Calcium Amphibole Subgroup var. Hornblende | AnCa2(Z2+5-mZm3+)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Na | ⓘ Albite var. Andesine | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Na | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Na | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Mg | ⓘ Cordierite | Mg2Al4Si5O18 |
| Mg | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| Mg | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| Mg | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Albite var. Andesine | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Al | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Almandine | Fe32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Al | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Al | ⓘ Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Cordierite | Mg2Al4Si5O18 |
| Al | ⓘ Corundum | Al2O3 |
| Al | ⓘ Cualstibite-1M | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| Al | ⓘ Cyanotrichite | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| Al | ⓘ Calcium Amphibole Subgroup var. Hornblende | AnCa2(Z2+5-mZm3+)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Al | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Al | ⓘ Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Pumpellyite Subgroup | Ca2XAl2[Si2O6(OH)][SiO4](OH)2A |
| Al | ⓘ Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Al | ⓘ Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| Al | ⓘ Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| Al | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(C42+C3+)(AlSi7O22)W2 |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Al | ⓘ Calcium Amphibole Subgroup | AnCa2(C2+5-mCm3+)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))W2 |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Albite var. Andesine | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Si | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Almandine | Fe32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Si | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Si | ⓘ Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Cordierite | Mg2Al4Si5O18 |
| Si | ⓘ Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz var. "Herkimer-style" Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Calcium Amphibole Subgroup var. Hornblende | AnCa2(Z2+5-mZm3+)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| Si | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Si | ⓘ Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Plancheite | Cu8(Si8O22)(OH)4 · H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Pumpellyite Subgroup | Ca2XAl2[Si2O6(OH)][SiO4](OH)2A |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Si | ⓘ Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Titanite | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Thorite var. Uranothorite | (Th,U)SiO4 |
| Si | ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(C42+C3+)(AlSi7O22)W2 |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Si | ⓘ Pyroxene Group | ADSi2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Olivine Group | M2SiO4 |
| Si | ⓘ Calcium Amphibole Subgroup | AnCa2(C2+5-mCm3+)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))W2 |
| Si | ⓘ Allanite Group | (A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| P | Phosphorus | |
| P | ⓘ Cornetite | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| P | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| P | ⓘ Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| P | ⓘ Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| P | ⓘ Monazite Group | REE(PO4) |
| P | ⓘ Pseudomalachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| P | ⓘ Reichenbachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| P | ⓘ Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) |
| P | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3A |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Anhydrite | CaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| S | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| S | ⓘ Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| S | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| S | ⓘ Covellite | CuS |
| S | ⓘ Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Cyanotrichite | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| S | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Linnaeite | Co2+Co23+S4 |
| S | ⓘ Mackinawite | FeS |
| S | ⓘ Millerite | NiS |
| S | ⓘ Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| S | ⓘ Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| S | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| S | ⓘ Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S |
| S | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| S | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| Cl | Chlorine | |
| Cl | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| Cl | ⓘ Calcium Amphibole Subgroup var. Hornblende | AnCa2(Z2+5-mZm3+)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| K | Potassium | |
| K | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| K | ⓘ Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| K | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | ⓘ Albite var. Andesine | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Ca | ⓘ Anhydrite | CaSO4 |
| Ca | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| Ca | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorite | CaF2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Calcium Amphibole Subgroup var. Hornblende | AnCa2(Z2+5-mZm3+)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Ca | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Pumpellyite Subgroup | Ca2XAl2[Si2O6(OH)][SiO4](OH)2A |
| Ca | ⓘ Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| Ca | ⓘ Titanite | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| Ca | ⓘ Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(C42+C3+)(AlSi7O22)W2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Ca | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3A |
| Ca | ⓘ Calcium Amphibole Subgroup | AnCa2(C2+5-mCm3+)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))W2 |
| Ti | Titanium | |
| Ti | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Ti | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Titanite | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| Mn | Manganese | |
| Mn | ⓘ Hübnerite | MnWO4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe23+O4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series | |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Almandine | Fe32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| Fe | ⓘ Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Mackinawite | FeS |
| Fe | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| Fe | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series | |
| Co | Cobalt | |
| Co | ⓘ Linnaeite | Co2+Co23+S4 |
| Ni | Nickel | |
| Ni | ⓘ Melonite | NiTe2 |
| Ni | ⓘ Millerite | NiS |
| Ni | ⓘ Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| Cu | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Cu | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Cornetite | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| Cu | ⓘ Covellite | CuS |
| Cu | ⓘ Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| Cu | ⓘ Cuprite | Cu2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Cualstibite-1M | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| Cu | ⓘ Cyanotrichite | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Native Copper | Cu |
| Cu | ⓘ Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| Cu | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Plancheite | Cu8(Si8O22)(OH)4 · H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Pseudomalachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Reichenbachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Rickardite | Cu7Te5 |
| Cu | ⓘ Tenorite | CuO |
| Cu | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Cu | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| Zn | Zinc | |
| Zn | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| Zn | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| Y | Yttrium | |
| Y | ⓘ Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) |
| Zr | Zirconium | |
| Zr | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| Nb | Niobium | |
| Nb | ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series | |
| Mo | Molybdenum | |
| Mo | ⓘ Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| Ag | Silver | |
| Ag | ⓘ Hessite | Ag2Te |
| Ag | ⓘ Sylvanite | AgAuTe4 |
| Sn | Tin | |
| Sn | ⓘ Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| Sb | Antimony | |
| Sb | ⓘ Cualstibite-1M | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| Sb | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Te | Tellurium | |
| Te | ⓘ Coloradoite | HgTe |
| Te | ⓘ Hessite | Ag2Te |
| Te | ⓘ Melonite | NiTe2 |
| Te | ⓘ Rickardite | Cu7Te5 |
| Te | ⓘ Sylvanite | AgAuTe4 |
| Te | ⓘ Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S |
| Ba | Barium | |
| Ba | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| W | Tungsten | |
| W | ⓘ Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| W | ⓘ Hübnerite | MnWO4 |
| W | ⓘ Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| Au | Gold | |
| Au | ⓘ Sylvanite | AgAuTe4 |
| Hg | Mercury | |
| Hg | ⓘ Coloradoite | HgTe |
| Pb | Lead | |
| Pb | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| Bi | Bismuth | |
| Bi | ⓘ Native Bismuth | Bi |
| Bi | ⓘ Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| Bi | ⓘ Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
| Bi | ⓘ Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S |
| Th | Thorium | |
| Th | ⓘ Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
| Th | ⓘ Thorite var. Uranothorite | (Th,U)SiO4 |
| U | Uranium | |
| U | ⓘ Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| U | ⓘ Thorite var. Uranothorite | (Th,U)SiO4 |
Geochronology
Mineralization age: Proterozoic : 1031 Ma to 950 MaImportant note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.
| Geologic Time | Rocks, Minerals and Events | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Precambrian | |||||||
| Proterozoic | |||||||
| Neoproterozoic | |||||||
| Tonian |
| ||||||
| Mesoproterozoic | |||||||
| Stenian |
| ||||||
Other Databases
| Wikipedia: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okiep |
|---|---|
| Wikidata ID: | Q1003356 |
Localities in this Region
- Northern Cape
- Namakwa District Municipality
- Northern Cape
- Namakwa District Municipality
- Okiep Copper District
- Jan Coetzee Mine
- Jan Coetzee South
- Jan Coetzee South West
- Kilduncan Mine
- Klondyke Central mine
- Koeelkop mine
- Koringhoek deposit
- Letterklip deposit
- Lura South
- Nababeep
- Nababeep Mine
- Nababeep tungsten mines
- Nababeep Kloof Mine
- Nababeep Mountain Mine
- Narrap Mine
- Nigramoep Mine
- Okiep Mine (O'Okiep Mine)
- Rondegas deposit
- Rondegas North
- Schaaprivier Mine
- Schaaprivier West Mine
- Spektakel Mine
- Spektakel Northwest mine
- ⭔Springbok
- T'kodas
- Valentine Mine
- Van Der Stel's copper mine
- Wheal Flat mine
- Wheal Heath Mine
- Wheal Heath West Mine
- Whytes West mine
- Okiep Copper District
- Namakwa District Municipality
Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to
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for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.
References
Maier, W. D. (2000) Platinum-group elements in Cu-sulphide ores at Carolusberg and East Okiep, Namaqualand, South Africa. Mineralium Deposita, 35 (5) 422-429 doi:10.1007/s001260050253
Stein, H. J., Raith, J. G. (2000) Re-Os dating and sulfur isotope composition of molybdenite from tungsten deposits in western Namaqualand, South Africa: implications for ore genesis and the timing of metamorphism. Mineralium Deposita, 35 (8) 741-753 doi:10.1007/s001260050276
MAIER, W. D.; ANDREOLI, M. A. G.; GROVES, D. I.; BARNES, S.- J. (2012) Petrogenesis of Cu-Ni sulphide ores from O'Okiep and Kliprand, Namaqualand, South Africa: Constraints from chalcophile metal contents. South African Journal of Geology, 115 (4). 499-514 doi:10.2113/gssajg.115.4.499
Rozendaal, Abraham, Horn, Richard (2013) Textural, mineralogical and chemical characteristics of copper reverb furnace smelter slag of the Okiep Copper District, South Africa. Minerals Engineering, 52. 184-190 doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2013.06.020
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Okiep Copper District, Namakwa District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa