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Kalahari manganese field, John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africai
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Kalahari manganese field | Ore Field |
| John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality | District Municipality |
| Northern Cape | Province |
| South Africa | Country |
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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
27° South , 23° East (est.)
Estimate based on other nearby localities or region boundaries.
Margin of Error:
~59km
Type:
Köppen climate type:
The Kalahari Manganese Field
Situated in extremely well-preserved, 2.2 billion-year-old sedimentary rocks of the Transvaal Supergroup near Hotazel in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, the Kalahari Manganese Field is one of the geological and mineralogical wonders of the world. In addition to representing by far the largest-known land-based manganese deposit on Earth, the Kalahari Manganese Field is also the world’s top producer of ore in manganese metal tonnage. It also hosts a world-renowned, unique and varied assemblage of aesthetic collector’s mineral specimens that are often rare or unique.
Rhodochrosite
The mineral that made the Kalahari Manganese Field world famous was rhodochrosite. This mineral was originally discovered in the Hotazel opencast mine in 1963. These early specimens were generally not spectacular and consist mainly of drusy rhodochrosite associated with gypsum. Up until 1967, however, a few scalenohedral crystals did emerge from Hotazel mine. Then, 10 years later, the major discovery of rhodochrosite was made while N’Chwaning I mine was being opened, when a wide variety of the different colours and habits of spectacular specimens was encountered. Apart from its colour variations, which range from wine-red to pale-pink, the rhodochrosite occurs in a variety of shapes and sizes, from ‘dog-tooth’ (scalenohedral) to smooth spheres and ‘wheat-sheaf’ bundles of crystals.
The shaft of N’Chwaning I mine penetrated directly into vugs containing crystals, and hundreds of loose crystals were swept away off the floor at that time.
Truly exceptional, undamaged rhodochrosites are not that common, particularly the scalenohedral form, whose terminations cleave off very easily. Gem-quality material has been faceted. Most of the high-quality rhodochrosite came from N’Chwaning I mine. Specimens from Hotazel and N’Chwaning I mines typically occur with manganite, gypsum, todorokite, chalcedony and drusy quartz. The origin and formation of the rhodochrosite is connected to relatively recent geological events in the Kalahari Manganese Field and bears no link to the major Wessels-type alteration period that took place over a billion years ago. This rhodochrosite, from this much older geological event, is found in both N’Chwaning and Wessels mines but is less spectacular, and consists almost exclusively of simple pink, rhombohedral crystals, less than one centimetre, sometimes associated with gageite, orlymanite, caryopilite and leucophoenicite.
Drusy pink rhodochrosite was the most common mineral found associated with the 2006 N’Chwaning I mine shigaite specimens. Most have drusy, pale-pink to pink interlocking rhodochrosite crystals, one to three millimetres long. Some specimens have translucent pink crystals up to one centimetre or slightly longer, but these tend to be isolated on the drusy matrix. One variation of the pink rhodochrosite is thin, prismatic needle-like crystals up to two centimetres, which are intergrown with each other. These crystals are transparent, pale-red and bicoloured, almost always with a darker, red-brown colour at the termination of the crystals.
In early 2006, a very small discovery of rhodochrosite was made at N’Chwaning II mine, probably fewer than three or four dozen specimens. The difference from the classic Kalahari rhodochrosite is that this small pocket yielded pink, curved rhombohedrons, up to one centimetre. Matrix specimens coated with these crystals were collected, the largest being 12 cm (Cairncross and Beukes, 2013).
Situated in extremely well-preserved, 2.2 billion-year-old sedimentary rocks of the Transvaal Supergroup near Hotazel in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, the Kalahari Manganese Field is one of the geological and mineralogical wonders of the world. In addition to representing by far the largest-known land-based manganese deposit on Earth, the Kalahari Manganese Field is also the world’s top producer of ore in manganese metal tonnage. It also hosts a world-renowned, unique and varied assemblage of aesthetic collector’s mineral specimens that are often rare or unique.
Rhodochrosite
The mineral that made the Kalahari Manganese Field world famous was rhodochrosite. This mineral was originally discovered in the Hotazel opencast mine in 1963. These early specimens were generally not spectacular and consist mainly of drusy rhodochrosite associated with gypsum. Up until 1967, however, a few scalenohedral crystals did emerge from Hotazel mine. Then, 10 years later, the major discovery of rhodochrosite was made while N’Chwaning I mine was being opened, when a wide variety of the different colours and habits of spectacular specimens was encountered. Apart from its colour variations, which range from wine-red to pale-pink, the rhodochrosite occurs in a variety of shapes and sizes, from ‘dog-tooth’ (scalenohedral) to smooth spheres and ‘wheat-sheaf’ bundles of crystals.
The shaft of N’Chwaning I mine penetrated directly into vugs containing crystals, and hundreds of loose crystals were swept away off the floor at that time.
Truly exceptional, undamaged rhodochrosites are not that common, particularly the scalenohedral form, whose terminations cleave off very easily. Gem-quality material has been faceted. Most of the high-quality rhodochrosite came from N’Chwaning I mine. Specimens from Hotazel and N’Chwaning I mines typically occur with manganite, gypsum, todorokite, chalcedony and drusy quartz. The origin and formation of the rhodochrosite is connected to relatively recent geological events in the Kalahari Manganese Field and bears no link to the major Wessels-type alteration period that took place over a billion years ago. This rhodochrosite, from this much older geological event, is found in both N’Chwaning and Wessels mines but is less spectacular, and consists almost exclusively of simple pink, rhombohedral crystals, less than one centimetre, sometimes associated with gageite, orlymanite, caryopilite and leucophoenicite.
Drusy pink rhodochrosite was the most common mineral found associated with the 2006 N’Chwaning I mine shigaite specimens. Most have drusy, pale-pink to pink interlocking rhodochrosite crystals, one to three millimetres long. Some specimens have translucent pink crystals up to one centimetre or slightly longer, but these tend to be isolated on the drusy matrix. One variation of the pink rhodochrosite is thin, prismatic needle-like crystals up to two centimetres, which are intergrown with each other. These crystals are transparent, pale-red and bicoloured, almost always with a darker, red-brown colour at the termination of the crystals.
In early 2006, a very small discovery of rhodochrosite was made at N’Chwaning II mine, probably fewer than three or four dozen specimens. The difference from the classic Kalahari rhodochrosite is that this small pocket yielded pink, curved rhombohedrons, up to one centimetre. Matrix specimens coated with these crystals were collected, the largest being 12 cm (Cairncross and Beukes, 2013).
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsCommodity List
This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.Mineral List
Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities189 valid minerals. 28 (TL) - type locality of valid minerals. 1 (FRL) - first recorded locality of unapproved mineral/variety/etc. 1 erroneous literature entry.
Rock Types Recorded
Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities
Select Rock List Type
Alphabetical List Tree DiagramDetailed Mineral List:
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Native Copper | 1.AA.05 | Cu |
| ⓘ | 'Native Manganese' ? | 1.AE.30 | Mn |
| ⓘ | Graphite | 1.CB.05a | C |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| ⓘ | Chalcocite | 2.BA.05 | Cu2S |
| ⓘ | Bornite | 2.BA.15 | Cu5FeS4 |
| ⓘ | Sphalerite var. Schalenblende | 2.CB.05a | ZnS |
| ⓘ | 2.CB.05a | ZnS | |
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | Galena | 2.CD.10 | PbS |
| ⓘ | Cinnabar | 2.CD.15a | HgS |
| ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Marcasite | 2.EB.10a | FeS2 |
| Group 3 - Halides | |||
| ⓘ | Creedite | 3.CG.15 | Ca3Al2(SO4)(OH)2F8 · 2H2O |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| ⓘ | Goethite | 4.00. | Fe3+O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Jacobsite | 4.BB.05 | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Magnetite | 4.BB.05 | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Hausmannite | 4.BB.10 | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Marokite | 4.BC.05 | CaMn3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Hematite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ | Ilmenite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2+TiO3 |
| ⓘ | Pyrophanite | 4.CB.05 | Mn2+TiO3 |
| ⓘ | Bixbyite-(Mn) | 4.CB.10 | Mn3+2O3 |
| ⓘ | Quartz var. Amethyst | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | var. Chalcedony | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 | |
| ⓘ | Opal | 4.DA.10 | SiO2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Tridymite | 4.DA.10 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrolusite | 4.DB.05 | Mn4+O2 |
| ⓘ | Rutile | 4.DB.05 | TiO2 |
| ⓘ | Ramsdellite | 4.DB.15a | Mn4+O2 |
| ⓘ | Nsutite | 4.DB.15c | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Cryptomelane | 4.DK.05a | K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
| ⓘ | Hollandite | 4.DK.05a | Ba(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 |
| ⓘ | Manjiroite | 4.DK.05a | Na(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
| ⓘ | Romanèchite | 4.DK.10 | (Ba,H2O)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10 |
| ⓘ | Todorokite | 4.DK.10 | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
| ⓘ | Diaspore | 4.FD.10 | AlO(OH) |
| ⓘ | Groutite | 4.FD.10 | Mn3+O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Diaspore var. Mangan-diaspore | 4.FD.10 | (Al,Mn)O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Manganite | 4.FD.15 | Mn3+O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Brucite | 4.FE.05 | Mg(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Portlandite | 4.FE.05 | Ca(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrochroite | 4.FE.05 | Mn(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Lepidocrocite | 4.FE.15 | Fe3+O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Feitknechtite | 4.FE.25 | Mn3+O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Lithiophorite | 4.FE.25 | (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Chalcophanite | 4.FL.20 | ZnMn4+3O7 · 3H2O |
| ⓘ | Ranciéite | 4.FL.40 | (Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O |
| ⓘ | Birnessite | 4.FL.45 | (Na,Ca)0.5(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4 · 1.5H2O |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| ⓘ | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
| ⓘ | var. Manganese-bearing Calcite | 5.AB.05 | (Ca,Mn)CO3 |
| ⓘ | Rhodochrosite | 5.AB.05 | MnCO3 |
| ⓘ | Siderite | 5.AB.05 | FeCO3 |
| ⓘ | Ankerite | 5.AB.10 | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Dolomite | 5.AB.10 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Kutnohorite | 5.AB.10 | CaMn2+(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Aragonite | 5.AB.15 | CaCO3 |
| ⓘ | Strontianite | 5.AB.15 | SrCO3 |
| ⓘ | Vaterite | 5.AB.20 | CaCO3 |
| ⓘ | Azurite | 5.BA.05 | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Malachite | 5.BA.10 | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Hydrotalcite | 5.DA.50 | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| Group 6 - Borates | |||
| ⓘ | Gaudefroyite | 6.AB.60 | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
| ⓘ | Sussexite | 6.BA.15 | Mn2+BO2(OH) |
| ⓘ | Inyoite | 6.CA.35 | Ca(H4B3O7)(OH) · 4H2O |
| ⓘ | Gowerite | 6.EC.10 | Ca[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3] · 3H2O |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| ⓘ | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Celestine | 7.AD.35 | SrSO4 |
| ⓘ | Saccoite (TL) | 7.BC.65 | Ca2Mn3+2F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| ⓘ | Gypsum | 7.CD.40 | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Shigaite | 7.DD.35 | Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| ⓘ | Vonbezingite (TL) | 7.DD.65 | Ca6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Despujolsite | 7.DF.25 | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| ⓘ | Charlesite ? | 7.DG.15 | Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O |
| ⓘ | Ettringite | 7.DG.15 | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
| ⓘ | Jouravskite | 7.DG.15 | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| ⓘ | Sturmanite (TL) | 7.DG.15 | Ca6Fe3+2(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O |
| ⓘ | Thaumasite | 7.DG.15 | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |||
| ⓘ | Gatehouseite | 8.BD.10 | Mn2+5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Waterhouseite | 8.BE.85 | Mn2+7(PO4)2(OH)8 |
| ⓘ | Fluorapatite | 8.BN.05 | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| ⓘ | Brandtite | 8.CG.10 | Ca2Mn2+(AsO4)2 · 2H2O |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| ⓘ | Glaucochroite | 9.AC.05 | CaMn2+(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | Kirschsteinite | 9.AC.05 | CaFe2+(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | Tephroite | 9.AC.05 | Mn2+2(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | Andradite | 9.AD.25 | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Grossular | 9.AD.25 | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Henritermierite | 9.AD.25 | Ca3Mn3+2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| ⓘ | Grossular var. Hibschite | 9.AD.25 | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x |
| ⓘ | Andradite var. Hydroandradite | 9.AD.25 | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x |
| ⓘ | Holtstamite (TL) | 9.AD.25 | Ca3Al2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| ⓘ | Alleghanyite | 9.AF.45 | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Leucophoenicite | 9.AF.60 | Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Chloritoid | 9.AF.85 | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Poldervaartite (TL) | 9.AF.90 | CaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| ⓘ | Olmiite (TL) | 9.AF.90 | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| ⓘ | Braunite | 9.AG.05 | Mn2+Mn3+6(SiO4)O8 |
| ⓘ | Neltnerite | 9.AG.05 | CaMn3+6(SiO4)O8 |
| ⓘ | 'Braunite-II' (TL) | 9.AG.05 | Ca(Mn3+,Fe)14(SiO4)O20 |
| ⓘ | Titanite | 9.AG.15 | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | Mozartite | 9.AG.60 | CaMn3+(SiO4)(OH) |
| ⓘ | Vuagnatite | 9.AG.60 | CaAl(SiO4)(OH) |
| ⓘ | Afwillite | 9.AG.75 | Ca3[SiO4][SiO2(OH)2] · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Bultfonteinite | 9.AG.80 | Ca2(HSiO4)F · H2O |
| ⓘ | Datolite | 9.AJ.20 | CaB(SiO4)(OH) |
| ⓘ | Åkermanite | 9.BB.10 | Ca2Mg[Si2O7] |
| ⓘ | Ferroåkermanite | 9.BB.10 | Ca2Fe[Si2O7] |
| ⓘ | Scottyite (TL) | 9.BC.40 | BaCu2Si2O7 |
| ⓘ | Hennomartinite (TL) | 9.BE.05 | SrMn3+2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
| ⓘ | Kentrolite | 9.BE.80 | Pb2Mn3+2(Si2O7)O2 |
| ⓘ | Piemontite-(Sr) | 9.BG.05 | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| ⓘ | Tweddillite (TL) | 9.BG.05 | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| ⓘ | Clinozoisite | 9.BG.05a | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| ⓘ | Epidote | 9.BG.05a | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| ⓘ | Piemontite | 9.BG.05a | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| ⓘ | Zoisite | 9.BG.10 | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| ⓘ | Vesuvianite | 9.BG.35 | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| ⓘ | Manganvesuvianite (TL) | 9.BG.35 | Ca19Mn3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| ⓘ | Cyprine (TL) | 9.BG.35 | Ca19Cu2+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| ⓘ | Orientite | 9.BJ.05 | Ca8Mn3+10(SiO4)3(Si3O10)3(OH)10 · 4H2O |
| ⓘ | Ruizite | 9.BJ.35 | Ca2Mn3+2[Si4O11(OH)2](OH)2 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Taniajacoite (TL) | 9.BJ.35 | SrCaMn3+2Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Strontioruizite (TL) | 9.BJ.35 | Sr2Mn3+2Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Colinowensite (TL) | 9.C0. | BaCuSi2O6 |
| ⓘ | Sogdianite | 9.CM.05 | K◻2Zr2Li3[Si12O30] |
| ⓘ | Sugilite | 9.CM.05 | KNa2Fe3+2Li3[Si12O30] |
| ⓘ | Aluminosugilite | 9.CM.9.CM. | KNa2Al2Li3[Si12O30] |
| ⓘ | Augite | 9.DA.15 | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Diopside | 9.DA.15 | CaMgSi2O6 |
| ⓘ | Johannsenite | 9.DA.15 | CaMn2+Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Aegirine-augite | 9.DA.20 | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | var. Blanfordite | 9.DA.20 | (Na,Ca)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn,Mg,Al)Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Aegirine | 9.DA.25 | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Namansilite | 9.DA.25 | NaMn3+Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Nchwaningite (TL) | 9.DB.30 | Mn2+2(SiO3)(OH)2 · H2O |
| ⓘ | Actinolite | 9.DE.10 | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Tremolite | 9.DE.10 | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Edenite | 9.DE.15 | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Pargasite | 9.DE.15 | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Richterite | 9.DE.20 | Na(CaNa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Potassic-mangani-leakeite (TL) | 9.DE.25 | KNa2(Mg2Mn3+2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Magnesio-arfvedsonite | 9.DE.25 | NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Riebeckite | 9.DE.25 | ◻Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Bustamite | 9.DG.05 | CaMn2+(Si2O6) |
| ⓘ | Ferrobustamite | 9.DG.05 | CaFe2+(Si2O6) |
| ⓘ | Pectolite | 9.DG.05 | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| ⓘ | Serandite | 9.DG.05 | NaMn2+2Si3O8(OH) |
| ⓘ | Wollastonite | 9.DG.05 | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| ⓘ | Schizolite | 9.DG.05 | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) |
| ⓘ | Clinotobermorite | 9.DG.10 | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ | Tobermorite | 9.DG.10 | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ | Kenotobermorite (TL) | 9.DG.12 | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ | Foshagite | 9.DG.15 | Ca4(Si3O9)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Jennite | 9.DG.20 | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| ⓘ | Xonotlite | 9.DG.35 | Ca6(Si6O17)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Gageite-2M' | 9.DH. | (Mn,Mg,Zn)42Si16O54(OH)40 |
| ⓘ | Yuzuxiangite (TL) | 9.DH. | Sr3Fe3+(Si2O6)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| ⓘ | Taikanite | 9.DH.25 | Sr3BaMn2+2(Si4O12)O2 |
| ⓘ | Gageite | 9.DH.35 | Mn21(Si4O12)2O3(OH)20 |
| ⓘ | Rhodonite | 9.DK.05 | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| ⓘ | Inesite | 9.DL.05 | Ca2(Mn,Fe)7Si10O28(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ | Meieranite (TL) | 9.DO.15 | Na2Sr3MgSi6O17 |
| ⓘ | Prehnite | 9.DP.20 | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Lavinskyite (TL) | 9.DP.55 | K(LiCu)Cu6(Si4O11)2(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Hydroxymcglassonite-(K) (TL) | 9.EA. | KSr4Si8O20(OH) · 8H2O |
| ⓘ | Effenbergerite (TL) | 9.EA.05 | BaCuSi4O10 |
| ⓘ | Wesselsite (TL) | 9.EA.05 | SrCuSi4O10 |
| ⓘ | Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) | 9.EA.15 | KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O |
| ⓘ | Diegogattaite (TL) | 9.EA.50 | Na2CaCu2Si8O20 · H2O |
| ⓘ | Minnesotaite | 9.EC.05 | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Talc | 9.EC.05 | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Ephesite | 9.EC.20 | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Norrishite | 9.EC.20 | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
| ⓘ | Phlogopite | 9.EC.20 | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Tetraferriannite | 9.EC.20 | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Nontronite | 9.EC.40 | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Saponite | 9.EC.45 | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Stevensite | 9.EC.45 | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Chamosite | 9.EC.55 | Fe2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| ⓘ | Clinochlore | 9.EC.55 | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| ⓘ | Gonyerite | 9.EC.55 | Mn2+5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| ⓘ | 'Clinochrysotile' | 9.ED. | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Kaolinite | 9.ED.05 | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Caryopilite | 9.ED.15 | Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Greenalite | 9.ED.15 | (Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Lizardite | 9.ED.15 | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Guidottiite (TL) | 9.ED.15 | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Chrysocolla | 9.ED.20 | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| ⓘ | Cairncrossite (TL) | 9.EE. | Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x |
| ⓘ | Bementite | 9.EE.05 | Mn7Si6O15(OH)8 |
| ⓘ | Friedelite | 9.EE.10 | Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| ⓘ | Orlymanite (TL) | 9.EE.30 | Ca4Mn3Si8O20(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Cymrite | 9.EG.05 | BaAl2Si2(O,OH)8 · H2O |
| ⓘ | Parsettensite | 9.EG.40 | (K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Stilpnomelane | 9.EG.40 | K4Fe2+48[Si64Al8]O164(OH)52 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Lipuite (TL) | 9.EJ.15 | KNa8Mn3+5 Mg0.5[Si12O30(OH)4](PO4)O2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| ⓘ | Albite | 9.FA.35 | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | Banalsite | 9.FA.60 | Na2BaAl4Si4O16 |
| ⓘ | Natrolite | 9.GA.05 | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Thomsonite-Ca | 9.GA.10 | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O |
| ⓘ | Oyelite | 9.HA.80 | Ca10Si8B2O29 · 12.5H2O |
| Unclassified | |||
| ⓘ | 'Apophyllite Group' | - | AB4[Si8O20]X · 8H2O |
| ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Glauconite' | - | K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Wad' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Manganomelane' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Bloodstone' | - | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | 'Plagioclase' | - | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| ⓘ | 'Serpentine Subgroup' | - | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| ⓘ | 'Manganese Oxides' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Apatite' | - | Ca5(PO4)3A |
| ⓘ | 'Rhythmite' | - | Ca29(SiO4)8Cl26 |
| ⓘ | 'Kenotobermorite-4O' | - | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ | 'Micrite' | - | |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Afwillite | Ca3[SiO4][SiO2(OH)2] · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Alleghanyite | Mn52+(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Apophyllite Group | AB4[Si8O20]X · 8H2O |
| H | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Bementite | Mn7Si6O15(OH)8 |
| H | ⓘ Birnessite | (Na,Ca)0.5(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4 · 1.5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Brandtite | Ca2Mn2+(AsO4)2 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Bultfonteinite | Ca2(HSiO4)F · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Brucite | Mg(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Caryopilite | Mn32+Si2O5(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Chalcophanite | ZnMn34+O7 · 3H2O |
| H | ⓘ Chamosite | Fe52+Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| H | ⓘ Charlesite | Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O |
| H | ⓘ Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| H | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| H | ⓘ Clinochrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Clinotobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| H | ⓘ Creedite | Ca3Al2(SO4)(OH)2F8 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Cymrite | BaAl2Si2(O,OH)8 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Despujolsite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| H | ⓘ Diaspore | AlO(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Datolite | CaB(SiO4)(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| H | ⓘ Ettringite | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
| H | ⓘ Feitknechtite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Foshagite | Ca4(Si3O9)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Friedelite | Mn82+Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| H | ⓘ Gageite | Mn21(Si4O12)2O3(OH)20 |
| H | ⓘ Gaudefroyite | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
| H | ⓘ Glauconite | K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Gonyerite | Mn52+Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| H | ⓘ Gowerite | Ca[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3] · 3H2O |
| H | ⓘ Greenalite | (Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Groutite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Hennomartinite | SrMn23+(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Henritermierite | Ca3Mn23+(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| H | ⓘ Grossular var. Hibschite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x |
| H | ⓘ Andradite var. Hydroandradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x |
| H | ⓘ Hydrotalcite | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| H | ⓘ Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O |
| H | ⓘ Inesite | Ca2(Mn,Fe)7Si10O28(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Inyoite | Ca(H4B3O7)(OH) · 4H2O |
| H | ⓘ Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| H | ⓘ Jouravskite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| H | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Potassic-mangani-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Mn23+Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Lepidocrocite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Leucophoenicite | Mn72+(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Lithiophorite | (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite | NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Diaspore var. Mangan-diaspore | (Al,Mn)O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Minnesotaite | Fe32+Si4O10(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Mozartite | CaMn3+(SiO4)(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Nchwaningite | Mn22+(SiO3)(OH)2 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Orientite | Ca8Mn103+(SiO4)3(Si3O10)3(OH)10 · 4H2O |
| H | ⓘ Orlymanite | Ca4Mn3Si8O20(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Oyelite | Ca10Si8B2O29 · 12.5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Parsettensite | (K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| H | ⓘ Poldervaartite | CaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| H | ⓘ Portlandite | Ca(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Pyrochroite | Mn(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Ranciéite | (Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O |
| H | ⓘ Richterite | Na(CaNa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Riebeckite | ◻Na2(Fe32+Fe23+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Romanèchite | (Ba,H2O)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10 |
| H | ⓘ Ruizite | Ca2Mn23+[Si4O11(OH)2](OH)2 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Serandite | NaMn22+Si3O8(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Shigaite | Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| H | ⓘ Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| H | ⓘ Stilpnomelane | K4Fe482+[Si64Al8]O164(OH)52 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Sturmanite | Ca6Fe23+(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O |
| H | ⓘ Sussexite | Mn2+BO2(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| H | ⓘ Thomsonite-Ca | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O |
| H | ⓘ Tobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
| H | ⓘ Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Vonbezingite | Ca6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Vuagnatite | CaAl(SiO4)(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| H | ⓘ Xonotlite | Ca6(Si6O17)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| H | ⓘ Gageite-2M | (Mn,Mg,Zn)42Si16O54(OH)40 |
| H | ⓘ Gatehouseite | Mn52+(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Tetraferriannite | KFe32+(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| H | ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Manganvesuvianite | Ca19Mn3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| H | ⓘ Waterhouseite | Mn72+(PO4)2(OH)8 |
| H | ⓘ Holtstamite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| H | ⓘ Olmiite | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| H | ⓘ Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Lavinskyite | K(LiCu)Cu6(Si4O11)2(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Cairncrossite | Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x |
| H | ⓘ Diegogattaite | Na2CaCu2Si8O20 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Kenotobermorite | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Lipuite | KNa8Mn53+ Mg0.5[Si12O30(OH)4](PO4)O2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| H | ⓘ Taniajacoite | SrCaMn23+Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Cyprine | Ca19Cu2+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| H | ⓘ Kenotobermorite-4O | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Strontioruizite | Sr2Mn23+Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Saccoite | Ca2Mn23+F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| H | ⓘ Hydroxymcglassonite-(K) | KSr4Si8O20(OH) · 8H2O |
| H | ⓘ Yuzuxiangite | Sr3Fe3+(Si2O6)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| Li | Lithium | |
| Li | ⓘ Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| Li | ⓘ Potassic-mangani-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Mn23+Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Li | ⓘ Lithiophorite | (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 |
| Li | ⓘ Norrishite | KLiMn23+(Si4O10)O2 |
| Li | ⓘ Sogdianite | K◻2Zr2Li3[Si12O30] |
| Li | ⓘ Sugilite | KNa2Fe23+Li3[Si12O30] |
| Li | ⓘ Lavinskyite | K(LiCu)Cu6(Si4O11)2(OH)4 |
| Li | ⓘ Aluminosugilite | KNa2Al2Li3[Si12O30] |
| B | Boron | |
| B | ⓘ Charlesite | Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O |
| B | ⓘ Datolite | CaB(SiO4)(OH) |
| B | ⓘ Gaudefroyite | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
| B | ⓘ Gowerite | Ca[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3] · 3H2O |
| B | ⓘ Inyoite | Ca(H4B3O7)(OH) · 4H2O |
| B | ⓘ Oyelite | Ca10Si8B2O29 · 12.5H2O |
| B | ⓘ Sturmanite | Ca6Fe23+(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O |
| B | ⓘ Sussexite | Mn2+BO2(OH) |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Gaudefroyite | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
| C | ⓘ Graphite | C |
| C | ⓘ Hydrotalcite | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| C | ⓘ Jouravskite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| C | ⓘ Kutnohorite | CaMn2+(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Calcite var. Manganese-bearing Calcite | (Ca,Mn)CO3 |
| C | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Strontianite | SrCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| C | ⓘ Vaterite | CaCO3 |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Afwillite | Ca3[SiO4][SiO2(OH)2] · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Åkermanite | Ca2Mg[Si2O7] |
| O | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Alleghanyite | Mn52+(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Quartz var. Amethyst | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Andradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Apophyllite Group | AB4[Si8O20]X · 8H2O |
| O | ⓘ Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Banalsite | Na2BaAl4Si4O16 |
| O | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Bementite | Mn7Si6O15(OH)8 |
| O | ⓘ Birnessite | (Na,Ca)0.5(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4 · 1.5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Bixbyite-(Mn) | Mn23+O3 |
| O | ⓘ Brandtite | Ca2Mn2+(AsO4)2 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Braunite | Mn2+Mn63+(SiO4)O8 |
| O | ⓘ Bultfonteinite | Ca2(HSiO4)F · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Bustamite | CaMn2+(Si2O6) |
| O | ⓘ Brucite | Mg(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Caryopilite | Mn32+Si2O5(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Celestine | SrSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Chalcophanite | ZnMn34+O7 · 3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Chamosite | Fe52+Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| O | ⓘ Charlesite | Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O |
| O | ⓘ Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| O | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| O | ⓘ Clinochrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Clinotobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| O | ⓘ Creedite | Ca3Al2(SO4)(OH)2F8 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Cryptomelane | K(Mn74+Mn3+)O16 |
| O | ⓘ Cymrite | BaAl2Si2(O,OH)8 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Despujolsite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Diaspore | AlO(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Datolite | CaB(SiO4)(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| O | ⓘ Ettringite | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
| O | ⓘ Feitknechtite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Ferrobustamite | CaFe2+(Si2O6) |
| O | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| O | ⓘ Foshagite | Ca4(Si3O9)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Friedelite | Mn82+Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| O | ⓘ Gageite | Mn21(Si4O12)2O3(OH)20 |
| O | ⓘ Gaudefroyite | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
| O | ⓘ Glaucochroite | CaMn2+(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Glauconite | K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Gonyerite | Mn52+Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| O | ⓘ Gowerite | Ca[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3] · 3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Greenalite | (Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Groutite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Hennomartinite | SrMn23+(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Henritermierite | Ca3Mn23+(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| O | ⓘ Grossular var. Hibschite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x |
| O | ⓘ Hollandite | Ba(Mn64+Mn23+)O16 |
| O | ⓘ Andradite var. Hydroandradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x |
| O | ⓘ Hydrotalcite | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| O | ⓘ Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O |
| O | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Inesite | Ca2(Mn,Fe)7Si10O28(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Inyoite | Ca(H4B3O7)(OH) · 4H2O |
| O | ⓘ Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| O | ⓘ Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Jouravskite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| O | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Kentrolite | Pb2Mn23+(Si2O7)O2 |
| O | ⓘ Kirschsteinite | CaFe2+(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Potassic-mangani-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Mn23+Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Kutnohorite | CaMn2+(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Lepidocrocite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Leucophoenicite | Mn72+(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Lithiophorite | (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Calcite var. Manganese-bearing Calcite | (Ca,Mn)CO3 |
| O | ⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite | NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Diaspore var. Mangan-diaspore | (Al,Mn)O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Manjiroite | Na(Mn74+Mn3+)O16 |
| O | ⓘ Marokite | CaMn23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Minnesotaite | Fe32+Si4O10(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Mozartite | CaMn3+(SiO4)(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Namansilite | NaMn3+Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Nchwaningite | Mn22+(SiO3)(OH)2 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Neltnerite | CaMn63+(SiO4)O8 |
| O | ⓘ Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Norrishite | KLiMn23+(Si4O10)O2 |
| O | ⓘ Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Orientite | Ca8Mn103+(SiO4)3(Si3O10)3(OH)10 · 4H2O |
| O | ⓘ Orlymanite | Ca4Mn3Si8O20(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Oyelite | Ca10Si8B2O29 · 12.5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Parsettensite | (K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| O | ⓘ Poldervaartite | CaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| O | ⓘ Portlandite | Ca(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Pyrochroite | Mn(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| O | ⓘ Pyrophanite | Mn2+TiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 |
| O | ⓘ Ranciéite | (Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O |
| O | ⓘ Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| O | ⓘ Richterite | Na(CaNa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Riebeckite | ◻Na2(Fe32+Fe23+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Romanèchite | (Ba,H2O)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10 |
| O | ⓘ Ruizite | Ca2Mn23+[Si4O11(OH)2](OH)2 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Serandite | NaMn22+Si3O8(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Shigaite | Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| O | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Sogdianite | K◻2Zr2Li3[Si12O30] |
| O | ⓘ Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| O | ⓘ Stilpnomelane | K4Fe482+[Si64Al8]O164(OH)52 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Strontianite | SrCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Sturmanite | Ca6Fe23+(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O |
| O | ⓘ Sugilite | KNa2Fe23+Li3[Si12O30] |
| O | ⓘ Sussexite | Mn2+BO2(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Taikanite | Sr3BaMn22+(Si4O12)O2 |
| O | ⓘ Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Tephroite | Mn22+(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| O | ⓘ Thomsonite-Ca | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O |
| O | ⓘ Titanite | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Tobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
| O | ⓘ Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Tridymite | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Vaterite | CaCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Vonbezingite | Ca6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Vuagnatite | CaAl(SiO4)(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| O | ⓘ Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| O | ⓘ Xonotlite | Ca6(Si6O17)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| O | ⓘ Braunite-II | Ca(Mn3+,Fe)14(SiO4)O20 |
| O | ⓘ Effenbergerite | BaCuSi4O10 |
| O | ⓘ Gageite-2M | (Mn,Mg,Zn)42Si16O54(OH)40 |
| O | ⓘ Gatehouseite | Mn52+(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Tetraferriannite | KFe32+(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Wesselsite | SrCuSi4O10 |
| O | ⓘ Bloodstone | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| O | ⓘ Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| O | ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Manganvesuvianite | Ca19Mn3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| O | ⓘ Aegirine-augite var. Blanfordite | (Na,Ca)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn,Mg,Al)Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Waterhouseite | Mn72+(PO4)2(OH)8 |
| O | ⓘ Holtstamite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| O | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3A |
| O | ⓘ Olmiite | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| O | ⓘ Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Rhythmite | Ca29(SiO4)8Cl26 |
| O | ⓘ Lavinskyite | K(LiCu)Cu6(Si4O11)2(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Scottyite | BaCu2Si2O7 |
| O | ⓘ Colinowensite | BaCuSi2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Cairncrossite | Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x |
| O | ⓘ Diegogattaite | Na2CaCu2Si8O20 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Kenotobermorite | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Lipuite | KNa8Mn53+ Mg0.5[Si12O30(OH)4](PO4)O2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| O | ⓘ Taniajacoite | SrCaMn23+Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Meieranite | Na2Sr3MgSi6O17 |
| O | ⓘ Cyprine | Ca19Cu2+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| O | ⓘ Kenotobermorite-4O | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Strontioruizite | Sr2Mn23+Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Aluminosugilite | KNa2Al2Li3[Si12O30] |
| O | ⓘ Saccoite | Ca2Mn23+F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| O | ⓘ Hydroxymcglassonite-(K) | KSr4Si8O20(OH) · 8H2O |
| O | ⓘ Yuzuxiangite | Sr3Fe3+(Si2O6)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Ferroåkermanite | Ca2Fe[Si2O7] |
| F | Fluorine | |
| F | ⓘ Bultfonteinite | Ca2(HSiO4)F · H2O |
| F | ⓘ Creedite | Ca3Al2(SO4)(OH)2F8 · 2H2O |
| F | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| F | ⓘ Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O |
| F | ⓘ Saccoite | Ca2Mn23+F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | ⓘ Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| Na | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| Na | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Na | ⓘ Banalsite | Na2BaAl4Si4O16 |
| Na | ⓘ Birnessite | (Na,Ca)0.5(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4 · 1.5H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Potassic-mangani-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Mn23+Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite | NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Manjiroite | Na(Mn74+Mn3+)O16 |
| Na | ⓘ Namansilite | NaMn3+Si2O6 |
| Na | ⓘ Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Na | ⓘ Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Parsettensite | (K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50 · nH2O |
| Na | ⓘ Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| Na | ⓘ Richterite | Na(CaNa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Riebeckite | ◻Na2(Fe32+Fe23+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Serandite | NaMn22+Si3O8(OH) |
| Na | ⓘ Shigaite | Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Sugilite | KNa2Fe23+Li3[Si12O30] |
| Na | ⓘ Thomsonite-Ca | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Na | ⓘ Aegirine-augite var. Blanfordite | (Na,Ca)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn,Mg,Al)Si2O6 |
| Na | ⓘ Cairncrossite | Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x |
| Na | ⓘ Diegogattaite | Na2CaCu2Si8O20 · H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) |
| Na | ⓘ Lipuite | KNa8Mn53+ Mg0.5[Si12O30(OH)4](PO4)O2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Meieranite | Na2Sr3MgSi6O17 |
| Na | ⓘ Aluminosugilite | KNa2Al2Li3[Si12O30] |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Åkermanite | Ca2Mg[Si2O7] |
| Mg | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Brucite | Mg(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Mg | ⓘ Clinochrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Mg | ⓘ Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Glauconite | K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Hydrotalcite | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Potassic-mangani-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Mn23+Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Mg | ⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite | NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Parsettensite | (K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50 · nH2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Richterite | Na(CaNa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Mg | ⓘ Gageite-2M | (Mn,Mg,Zn)42Si16O54(OH)40 |
| Mg | ⓘ Manganvesuvianite | Ca19Mn3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Mg | ⓘ Aegirine-augite var. Blanfordite | (Na,Ca)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn,Mg,Al)Si2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Lipuite | KNa8Mn53+ Mg0.5[Si12O30(OH)4](PO4)O2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Meieranite | Na2Sr3MgSi6O17 |
| Mg | ⓘ Cyprine | Ca19Cu2+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| Al | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Banalsite | Na2BaAl4Si4O16 |
| Al | ⓘ Chamosite | Fe52+Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Al | ⓘ Charlesite | Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Al | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Al | ⓘ Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Creedite | Ca3Al2(SO4)(OH)2F8 · 2H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Cymrite | BaAl2Si2(O,OH)8 · H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Diaspore | AlO(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Ettringite | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Glauconite | K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Grossular var. Hibschite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x |
| Al | ⓘ Hydrotalcite | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Al | ⓘ Lithiophorite | (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Diaspore var. Mangan-diaspore | (Al,Mn)O(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Al | ⓘ Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Al | ⓘ Shigaite | Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Stilpnomelane | K4Fe482+[Si64Al8]O164(OH)52 · nH2O |
| Al | ⓘ Thomsonite-Ca | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Vuagnatite | CaAl(SiO4)(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Al | ⓘ Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Al | ⓘ Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Manganvesuvianite | Ca19Mn3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Al | ⓘ Aegirine-augite var. Blanfordite | (Na,Ca)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn,Mg,Al)Si2O6 |
| Al | ⓘ Holtstamite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| Al | ⓘ Cyprine | Ca19Cu2+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| Al | ⓘ Aluminosugilite | KNa2Al2Li3[Si12O30] |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Afwillite | Ca3[SiO4][SiO2(OH)2] · 2H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Åkermanite | Ca2Mg[Si2O7] |
| Si | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Alleghanyite | Mn52+(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz var. Amethyst | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Andradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Apophyllite Group | AB4[Si8O20]X · 8H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Banalsite | Na2BaAl4Si4O16 |
| Si | ⓘ Bementite | Mn7Si6O15(OH)8 |
| Si | ⓘ Braunite | Mn2+Mn63+(SiO4)O8 |
| Si | ⓘ Bultfonteinite | Ca2(HSiO4)F · H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Bustamite | CaMn2+(Si2O6) |
| Si | ⓘ Caryopilite | Mn32+Si2O5(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Chamosite | Fe52+Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Si | ⓘ Charlesite | Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Si | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Si | ⓘ Clinochrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Clinotobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Cymrite | BaAl2Si2(O,OH)8 · H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Datolite | CaB(SiO4)(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Ferrobustamite | CaFe2+(Si2O6) |
| Si | ⓘ Foshagite | Ca4(Si3O9)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Friedelite | Mn82+Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| Si | ⓘ Gageite | Mn21(Si4O12)2O3(OH)20 |
| Si | ⓘ Glaucochroite | CaMn2+(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Glauconite | K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Gonyerite | Mn52+Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| Si | ⓘ Greenalite | (Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Hennomartinite | SrMn23+(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Henritermierite | Ca3Mn23+(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| Si | ⓘ Grossular var. Hibschite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x |
| Si | ⓘ Andradite var. Hydroandradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x |
| Si | ⓘ Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Inesite | Ca2(Mn,Fe)7Si10O28(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Kentrolite | Pb2Mn23+(Si2O7)O2 |
| Si | ⓘ Kirschsteinite | CaFe2+(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Potassic-mangani-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Mn23+Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Leucophoenicite | Mn72+(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite | NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Minnesotaite | Fe32+Si4O10(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Mozartite | CaMn3+(SiO4)(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Namansilite | NaMn3+Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Nchwaningite | Mn22+(SiO3)(OH)2 · H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Neltnerite | CaMn63+(SiO4)O8 |
| Si | ⓘ Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Norrishite | KLiMn23+(Si4O10)O2 |
| Si | ⓘ Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Orientite | Ca8Mn103+(SiO4)3(Si3O10)3(OH)10 · 4H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Orlymanite | Ca4Mn3Si8O20(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Oyelite | Ca10Si8B2O29 · 12.5H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Parsettensite | (K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50 · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Poldervaartite | CaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| Si | ⓘ Richterite | Na(CaNa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Riebeckite | ◻Na2(Fe32+Fe23+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Ruizite | Ca2Mn23+[Si4O11(OH)2](OH)2 · 2H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Serandite | NaMn22+Si3O8(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Sogdianite | K◻2Zr2Li3[Si12O30] |
| Si | ⓘ Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Stilpnomelane | K4Fe482+[Si64Al8]O164(OH)52 · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Sugilite | KNa2Fe23+Li3[Si12O30] |
| Si | ⓘ Taikanite | Sr3BaMn22+(Si4O12)O2 |
| Si | ⓘ Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Tephroite | Mn22+(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Thomsonite-Ca | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Titanite | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Tobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Tridymite | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Vuagnatite | CaAl(SiO4)(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Si | ⓘ Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| Si | ⓘ Xonotlite | Ca6(Si6O17)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Braunite-II | Ca(Mn3+,Fe)14(SiO4)O20 |
| Si | ⓘ Effenbergerite | BaCuSi4O10 |
| Si | ⓘ Gageite-2M | (Mn,Mg,Zn)42Si16O54(OH)40 |
| Si | ⓘ Tetraferriannite | KFe32+(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Wesselsite | SrCuSi4O10 |
| Si | ⓘ Bloodstone | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Si | ⓘ Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Manganvesuvianite | Ca19Mn3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Si | ⓘ Aegirine-augite var. Blanfordite | (Na,Ca)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn,Mg,Al)Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Holtstamite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| Si | ⓘ Olmiite | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Rhythmite | Ca29(SiO4)8Cl26 |
| Si | ⓘ Lavinskyite | K(LiCu)Cu6(Si4O11)2(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Scottyite | BaCu2Si2O7 |
| Si | ⓘ Colinowensite | BaCuSi2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Cairncrossite | Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x |
| Si | ⓘ Diegogattaite | Na2CaCu2Si8O20 · H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Kenotobermorite | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Lipuite | KNa8Mn53+ Mg0.5[Si12O30(OH)4](PO4)O2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Taniajacoite | SrCaMn23+Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Meieranite | Na2Sr3MgSi6O17 |
| Si | ⓘ Cyprine | Ca19Cu2+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| Si | ⓘ Kenotobermorite-4O | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Strontioruizite | Sr2Mn23+Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Aluminosugilite | KNa2Al2Li3[Si12O30] |
| Si | ⓘ Hydroxymcglassonite-(K) | KSr4Si8O20(OH) · 8H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Yuzuxiangite | Sr3Fe3+(Si2O6)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Ferroåkermanite | Ca2Fe[Si2O7] |
| P | Phosphorus | |
| P | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| P | ⓘ Gatehouseite | Mn52+(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| P | ⓘ Waterhouseite | Mn72+(PO4)2(OH)8 |
| P | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3A |
| P | ⓘ Lipuite | KNa8Mn53+ Mg0.5[Si12O30(OH)4](PO4)O2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| S | ⓘ Celestine | SrSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| S | ⓘ Charlesite | Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O |
| S | ⓘ Cinnabar | HgS |
| S | ⓘ Creedite | Ca3Al2(SO4)(OH)2F8 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Despujolsite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| S | ⓘ Ettringite | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
| S | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| S | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Jouravskite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| S | ⓘ Marcasite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Shigaite | Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| S | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| S | ⓘ Sturmanite | Ca6Fe23+(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O |
| S | ⓘ Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| S | ⓘ Vonbezingite | Ca6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Saccoite | Ca2Mn23+F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| Cl | Chlorine | |
| Cl | ⓘ Friedelite | Mn82+Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| Cl | ⓘ Rhythmite | Ca29(SiO4)8Cl26 |
| K | Potassium | |
| K | ⓘ Cryptomelane | K(Mn74+Mn3+)O16 |
| K | ⓘ Glauconite | K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O |
| K | ⓘ Potassic-mangani-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Mn23+Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Norrishite | KLiMn23+(Si4O10)O2 |
| K | ⓘ Parsettensite | (K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50 · nH2O |
| K | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Sogdianite | K◻2Zr2Li3[Si12O30] |
| K | ⓘ Stilpnomelane | K4Fe482+[Si64Al8]O164(OH)52 · nH2O |
| K | ⓘ Sugilite | KNa2Fe23+Li3[Si12O30] |
| K | ⓘ Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
| K | ⓘ Tetraferriannite | KFe32+(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Lavinskyite | K(LiCu)Cu6(Si4O11)2(OH)4 |
| K | ⓘ Lipuite | KNa8Mn53+ Mg0.5[Si12O30(OH)4](PO4)O2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| K | ⓘ Aluminosugilite | KNa2Al2Li3[Si12O30] |
| K | ⓘ Hydroxymcglassonite-(K) | KSr4Si8O20(OH) · 8H2O |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Afwillite | Ca3[SiO4][SiO2(OH)2] · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Åkermanite | Ca2Mg[Si2O7] |
| Ca | ⓘ Andradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Birnessite | (Na,Ca)0.5(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4 · 1.5H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Brandtite | Ca2Mn2+(AsO4)2 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Bultfonteinite | Ca2(HSiO4)F · H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Bustamite | CaMn2+(Si2O6) |
| Ca | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Charlesite | Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Clinotobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Creedite | Ca3Al2(SO4)(OH)2F8 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Despujolsite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Datolite | CaB(SiO4)(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Ettringite | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Ferrobustamite | CaFe2+(Si2O6) |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| Ca | ⓘ Foshagite | Ca4(Si3O9)(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Gaudefroyite | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Glaucochroite | CaMn2+(SiO4) |
| Ca | ⓘ Gowerite | Ca[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3] · 3H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Henritermierite | Ca3Mn23+(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| Ca | ⓘ Grossular var. Hibschite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x |
| Ca | ⓘ Andradite var. Hydroandradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x |
| Ca | ⓘ Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Inesite | Ca2(Mn,Fe)7Si10O28(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Inyoite | Ca(H4B3O7)(OH) · 4H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Jouravskite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Kirschsteinite | CaFe2+(SiO4) |
| Ca | ⓘ Kutnohorite | CaMn2+(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Calcite var. Manganese-bearing Calcite | (Ca,Mn)CO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Marokite | CaMn23+O4 |
| Ca | ⓘ Mozartite | CaMn3+(SiO4)(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Neltnerite | CaMn63+(SiO4)O8 |
| Ca | ⓘ Orientite | Ca8Mn103+(SiO4)3(Si3O10)3(OH)10 · 4H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Orlymanite | Ca4Mn3Si8O20(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Oyelite | Ca10Si8B2O29 · 12.5H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Parsettensite | (K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50 · nH2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Poldervaartite | CaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Portlandite | Ca(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Ranciéite | (Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| Ca | ⓘ Richterite | Na(CaNa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Ruizite | Ca2Mn23+[Si4O11(OH)2](OH)2 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Sturmanite | Ca6Fe23+(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Thomsonite-Ca | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Titanite | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| Ca | ⓘ Tobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Vaterite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Vonbezingite | Ca6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Vuagnatite | CaAl(SiO4)(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Ca | ⓘ Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| Ca | ⓘ Xonotlite | Ca6(Si6O17)(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Braunite-II | Ca(Mn3+,Fe)14(SiO4)O20 |
| Ca | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Ca | ⓘ Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Manganvesuvianite | Ca19Mn3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Ca | ⓘ Aegirine-augite var. Blanfordite | (Na,Ca)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn,Mg,Al)Si2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Holtstamite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| Ca | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3A |
| Ca | ⓘ Olmiite | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Rhythmite | Ca29(SiO4)8Cl26 |
| Ca | ⓘ Cairncrossite | Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x |
| Ca | ⓘ Diegogattaite | Na2CaCu2Si8O20 · H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Kenotobermorite | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Taniajacoite | SrCaMn23+Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Cyprine | Ca19Cu2+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| Ca | ⓘ Kenotobermorite-4O | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Saccoite | Ca2Mn23+F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| Ca | ⓘ Ferroåkermanite | Ca2Fe[Si2O7] |
| Ti | Titanium | |
| Ti | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Ti | ⓘ Pyrophanite | Mn2+TiO3 |
| Ti | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Titanite | CaTiO(SiO4) |
| Mn | Manganese | |
| Mn | ⓘ Alleghanyite | Mn52+(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Bementite | Mn7Si6O15(OH)8 |
| Mn | ⓘ Birnessite | (Na,Ca)0.5(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4 · 1.5H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Bixbyite-(Mn) | Mn23+O3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Brandtite | Ca2Mn2+(AsO4)2 · 2H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Braunite | Mn2+Mn63+(SiO4)O8 |
| Mn | ⓘ Bustamite | CaMn2+(Si2O6) |
| Mn | ⓘ Caryopilite | Mn32+Si2O5(OH)4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Chalcophanite | ZnMn34+O7 · 3H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Cryptomelane | K(Mn74+Mn3+)O16 |
| Mn | ⓘ Despujolsite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Feitknechtite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Friedelite | Mn82+Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 |
| Mn | ⓘ Gageite | Mn21(Si4O12)2O3(OH)20 |
| Mn | ⓘ Gaudefroyite | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Glaucochroite | CaMn2+(SiO4) |
| Mn | ⓘ Gonyerite | Mn52+Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| Mn | ⓘ Groutite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn23+O4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Hennomartinite | SrMn23+(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Henritermierite | Ca3Mn23+(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| Mn | ⓘ Hollandite | Ba(Mn64+Mn23+)O16 |
| Mn | ⓘ Inesite | Ca2(Mn,Fe)7Si10O28(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe23+O4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 |
| Mn | ⓘ Jouravskite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Kentrolite | Pb2Mn23+(Si2O7)O2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Potassic-mangani-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Mn23+Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Kutnohorite | CaMn2+(CO3)2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Leucophoenicite | Mn72+(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Lithiophorite | (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Calcite var. Manganese-bearing Calcite | (Ca,Mn)CO3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Diaspore var. Mangan-diaspore | (Al,Mn)O(OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Manjiroite | Na(Mn74+Mn3+)O16 |
| Mn | ⓘ Marokite | CaMn23+O4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Mozartite | CaMn3+(SiO4)(OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Namansilite | NaMn3+Si2O6 |
| Mn | ⓘ Nchwaningite | Mn22+(SiO3)(OH)2 · H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Neltnerite | CaMn63+(SiO4)O8 |
| Mn | ⓘ Norrishite | KLiMn23+(Si4O10)O2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Orientite | Ca8Mn103+(SiO4)3(Si3O10)3(OH)10 · 4H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Orlymanite | Ca4Mn3Si8O20(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Parsettensite | (K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50 · nH2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Pyrochroite | Mn(OH)2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Pyrophanite | Mn2+TiO3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Ranciéite | (Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| Mn | ⓘ Romanèchite | (Ba,H2O)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10 |
| Mn | ⓘ Ruizite | Ca2Mn23+[Si4O11(OH)2](OH)2 · 2H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Serandite | NaMn22+Si3O8(OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Shigaite | Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Sussexite | Mn2+BO2(OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Taikanite | Sr3BaMn22+(Si4O12)O2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Tephroite | Mn22+(SiO4) |
| Mn | ⓘ Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Braunite-II | Ca(Mn3+,Fe)14(SiO4)O20 |
| Mn | ⓘ Gageite-2M | (Mn,Mg,Zn)42Si16O54(OH)40 |
| Mn | ⓘ Gatehouseite | Mn52+(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Manganvesuvianite | Ca19Mn3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Mn | ⓘ Native Manganese | Mn |
| Mn | ⓘ Aegirine-augite var. Blanfordite | (Na,Ca)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn,Mg,Al)Si2O6 |
| Mn | ⓘ Waterhouseite | Mn72+(PO4)2(OH)8 |
| Mn | ⓘ Olmiite | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Lipuite | KNa8Mn53+ Mg0.5[Si12O30(OH)4](PO4)O2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Taniajacoite | SrCaMn23+Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Strontioruizite | Sr2Mn23+Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Saccoite | Ca2Mn23+F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Andradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chamosite | Fe52+Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Ferrobustamite | CaFe2+(Si2O6) |
| Fe | ⓘ Glauconite | K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Gonyerite | Mn52+Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| Fe | ⓘ Greenalite | (Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Andradite var. Hydroandradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x |
| Fe | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Inesite | Ca2(Mn,Fe)7Si10O28(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Kirschsteinite | CaFe2+(SiO4) |
| Fe | ⓘ Lepidocrocite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite | NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Marcasite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Minnesotaite | Fe32+Si4O10(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Riebeckite | ◻Na2(Fe32+Fe23+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Stilpnomelane | K4Fe482+[Si64Al8]O164(OH)52 · nH2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Sturmanite | Ca6Fe23+(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Sugilite | KNa2Fe23+Li3[Si12O30] |
| Fe | ⓘ Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| Fe | ⓘ Braunite-II | Ca(Mn3+,Fe)14(SiO4)O20 |
| Fe | ⓘ Tetraferriannite | KFe32+(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Aegirine-augite var. Blanfordite | (Na,Ca)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mn,Mg,Al)Si2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Yuzuxiangite | Sr3Fe3+(Si2O6)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Ferroåkermanite | Ca2Fe[Si2O7] |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| Cu | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Cu | ⓘ Native Copper | Cu |
| Cu | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Vonbezingite | Ca6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Effenbergerite | BaCuSi4O10 |
| Cu | ⓘ Wesselsite | SrCuSi4O10 |
| Cu | ⓘ Lavinskyite | K(LiCu)Cu6(Si4O11)2(OH)4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Scottyite | BaCu2Si2O7 |
| Cu | ⓘ Colinowensite | BaCuSi2O6 |
| Cu | ⓘ Diegogattaite | Na2CaCu2Si8O20 · H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Cyprine | Ca19Cu2+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| Zn | Zinc | |
| Zn | ⓘ Chalcophanite | ZnMn34+O7 · 3H2O |
| Zn | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| Zn | ⓘ Gageite-2M | (Mn,Mg,Zn)42Si16O54(OH)40 |
| As | Arsenic | |
| As | ⓘ Brandtite | Ca2Mn2+(AsO4)2 · 2H2O |
| Sr | Strontium | |
| Sr | ⓘ Celestine | SrSO4 |
| Sr | ⓘ Hennomartinite | SrMn23+(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
| Sr | ⓘ Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Sr | ⓘ Strontianite | SrCO3 |
| Sr | ⓘ Taikanite | Sr3BaMn22+(Si4O12)O2 |
| Sr | ⓘ Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
| Sr | ⓘ Wesselsite | SrCuSi4O10 |
| Sr | ⓘ Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| Sr | ⓘ Cairncrossite | Sr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x |
| Sr | ⓘ Taniajacoite | SrCaMn23+Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| Sr | ⓘ Meieranite | Na2Sr3MgSi6O17 |
| Sr | ⓘ Strontioruizite | Sr2Mn23+Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| Sr | ⓘ Hydroxymcglassonite-(K) | KSr4Si8O20(OH) · 8H2O |
| Sr | ⓘ Yuzuxiangite | Sr3Fe3+(Si2O6)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| Zr | Zirconium | |
| Zr | ⓘ Sogdianite | K◻2Zr2Li3[Si12O30] |
| Ba | Barium | |
| Ba | ⓘ Banalsite | Na2BaAl4Si4O16 |
| Ba | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| Ba | ⓘ Cymrite | BaAl2Si2(O,OH)8 · H2O |
| Ba | ⓘ Hollandite | Ba(Mn64+Mn23+)O16 |
| Ba | ⓘ Romanèchite | (Ba,H2O)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10 |
| Ba | ⓘ Taikanite | Sr3BaMn22+(Si4O12)O2 |
| Ba | ⓘ Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
| Ba | ⓘ Effenbergerite | BaCuSi4O10 |
| Ba | ⓘ Scottyite | BaCu2Si2O7 |
| Ba | ⓘ Colinowensite | BaCuSi2O6 |
| Hg | Mercury | |
| Hg | ⓘ Cinnabar | HgS |
| Pb | Lead | |
| Pb | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| Pb | ⓘ Kentrolite | Pb2Mn23+(Si2O7)O2 |
Geochronology
Mineralization age: Mesoproterozoic : 1040 Ma to 1010 MaImportant note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.
| Geologic Time | Rocks, Minerals and Events | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Precambrian | ||||
| Proterozoic | ||||
| Mesoproterozoic | ||||
| Stenian | ||||
Localities in this Region
- Northern Cape
- John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality
- Ga-Segonyana Local Municipality
- Joe Morolong Local Municipality
- John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality
- Northern Cape
- John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality
Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect
AfricaContinent
- Kalahari DesertDesert
African PlateTectonic Plate
- Kalahari basinBasin
- Kalahari Craton
- Kaapvaal CratonCraton
This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to
visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders
for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.
References
Pienaar, Herbert S. (1982) Gem-Quality Friedelite from the Kalahari Manganese Field Near Kuruman, South Africa. Gems & Gemology, 18 (4) 221-224 doi:10.5741/gems.18.4.221
Miyano, Takashi, Beukes, Nicolas J. (1987) Physicochemical environments for the formation of quartz-free manganese oxide ores from the early Proterozoic Hotazel Formation, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Economic Geology, 82 (3) 706-718 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.82.3.706
Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N. J. (1995) Fault-controlled metasomatic alteration of early Proterozoic sedimentary manganese ores in the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. Economic Geology, 90 (4) 823-844 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.4.823
Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N. J., Kleyenstuber, A. S. E., Burger, A. M. (1995) Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Mineralogical Magazine, 59 (397). 703-716 doi:10.1180/minmag.1995.059.397.12
Gutzmer, Jens; Beukes, Nicolas J. (1996) Mineral paragenesis of the Kalahari managanese field, South Africa. Ore Geology Reviews, 11 (6). 405-428 doi:10.1016/s0169-1368(96)00011-x
Tsikos, Harilaos, Moore, John M. (1997) Petrography and geochemistry of the Paleoproterozoic Hotazel Iron-Formation, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa; implications for Precambrian manganese metallogenesis. Economic Geology, 92 (1) 87-97 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.92.1.87
Gutzmer, J. (2000) Asbestiform manjiroite and todorokite from the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 103 (3) 163-174 doi:10.2113/1030163
Evans, D. A. D.; Gutzmer, J.; Beukes, N. J.; Kirschvink, J. L. (2001) Paleomagnetic Constraints on Ages of Mineralization in the Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa. Economic Geology, 96 (3). 621-631 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.96.3.621
Tsikos, H., Beukes, N. J., Moore, J. M., Harris, C. (2003) Deposition, Diagenesis, and Secondary Enrichment of Metals inthe Paleoproterozoic Hotazel Iron Formation, Kalahari Manganese Field, SouthAfrica. Economic Geology, 98 (7) 1449-1462 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.98.7.1449
Gutzmer, J.; Du Plooy, A.P.; Beukes, N.J. (2012) Timing of supergene enrichment of low-grade sedimentary manganese ores in the Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa. Ore Geology Reviews, 47. 136-153 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.04.003
Smith, Albertus J.B.; Fitton, Dillan; Vorster, Clarisa; Schoenberg, Ronny (2026) The iron and manganese formations of the Paleoproterozoic Hotazel Formation in the southern Kalahari Manganese Field of South Africa: Paleoenvironmental and depositional implications at the onset of the Great Oxidation Event. Ore Geology Reviews, 188. 107060 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107060
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Kalahari manganese field, John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa