Rozendaal, A., & Moyen, J. (2009, May). The Riviera Deposit: Endo-skarn and Vein-hosted W-MO-REE Mineralization in I-type Granites of the Cape Granite Suite, South Africa. In AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts.

ⓘ Ankerite

Formula: Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂

Locality: Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

www.mindat.org (n.d.) https://www.mindat.org/photo-1141340.html

ⓘ 'Apatite'

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃A

Localities:

Saldanha Bay Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Aragonite ?

Formula: CaCO₃

Locality: Cape Lime Company's Dolomite Quarry, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

TVM Specimen from George Fletcher #1127

ⓘ Ardealite

Formula: Ca₂(PO₃OH)(SO₄) · 4H₂O

Locality: Elands Bay Cave, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Miller, C. E., Mentzer, S. M., Berthold, C., Leach, P., Ligouis, B., Tribolo, C., ... & Porraz, G. (2016). Site-formation processes at Elands Bay Cave, South Africa. Southern African Humanities, 29(1), 69-128.

ⓘ Arsenopyrite

Formula: FeAsS

Locality: Spitskop deposit, Swartland Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Belcher, R.W., Rozendaal, A. and Przybylowicz, W.J. (2004): Trace element zoning in pyrite determined by PIXE elemental mapping: evidence for varying ore-fluid composition and electrochemical precipitation of gold at the Spitskop deposit, Saldania Belt, Journal of X-Ray Spectrometry, 33, 174-180.

ⓘ Augite

Formula: (Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆

Locality: Geelwal Karoo deposit, Geelwal Karoo Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Macdonald, W.G., Rozendaal, A., and de Meijer, R.J. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 371-381.

ⓘ 'Bastnäsite'

Formula: (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F

Locality: Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Rozendaa, A., & Boshoff, R. (2012). Rare Earth Element Mineralogy and its Recovery from the Neoproterozoic Riviera W–Mo Deposit, South Africa. In Proceedings of the 10th International Congress for Applied Mineralogy (ICAM) (pp. 605-612). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

Locality: Unnamed REE occurrence, Komkans Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Cole, D. I. (2013) The Metallogeny Of The Calvinia Area. Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, South Africa

ⓘ Boracite

Formula: Mg₃(B₇O₁₃)Cl

Locality: Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)

Formula: (Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH

Locality: Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

Localities:

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Geelwal Karoo deposit, Geelwal Karoo Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Chalcopyrite

Formula: CuFeS₂

Localities:

Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Spitskop deposit, Swartland Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Hondekloof nickel deposit, Nuwefontein Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'

Locality: Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Harmer, R.E., Nex, P.A.M. (2016) Rare Earth Deposits of Africa. Episodes, 39 (2) 381-406 doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i2/95784

ⓘ Chromite

Formula: Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄

Locality: Namakwa Sands Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Macdonald, W.G., Rozendaal, A., and de Meijer, R.J. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 371-381.

ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'

Locality: Namakwa Sands Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Macdonald, W.G., Rozendaal, A., and de Meijer, R.J. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 371-381.

ⓘ Diamond

Formula: C

Localities: Reported from at least 13 localities in this region.

ⓘ Enstatite

Formula: Mg₂Si₂O₆

Locality: Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

M. A. G. Andreoli, et al., 1994, The geology of the Steenkampskraal monazite deposit, South Africa

implications for REE-Th-Cu mineralization in charnockite-granulite terranes, Economic Geology, August 1994

v. 89

no. 5

p. 994-1016.

ⓘ Epidote

Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)

Locality: Namakwa Sands Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Macdonald, W.G., Rozendaal, A., and de Meijer, R.J. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 371-381.

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'

Localities:

Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Unnamed REE occurrence, Komkans Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'

Locality: Unnamed REE occurrence, Komkans Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Cole, D. I. (2013) The Metallogeny Of The Calvinia Area. Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, South Africa

ⓘ Fluorapatite

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃F

Locality: Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Description: Found with chalcopyrite and monazite.

References:

Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa. p.1-290.p.206

ⓘ Galena

Formula: PbS

Localities:

ⓘ 'Garnet Group'

Formula: X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃

Localities:

ⓘ 'Glauconite'

Formula: K_0.60-0.85(Fe³⁺,Mg,Al)₂(Si,Al)₄O₁₀](OH)₂

Locality: Saldanha Bay Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa. p.1-290.

ⓘ Goethite

Formula: Fe³⁺O(OH)

Localities:

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Cape Lime Company's Dolomite Quarry, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa ? (more information)

ⓘ Guanine

Formula: C₅H₅N₅O

Locality: Saldanha Bay Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa. p.1-290.

ⓘ Gypsum

Formula: CaSO₄ · 2H₂O

Localities:

Maskam gypsum mine, Vanrhynsdorp, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Vanrhynsdorp, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Galsyfer Mine, Kaalberg Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Elands Bay Cave, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Gypsum var. Selenite

Formula: CaSO₄ · 2H₂O

Localities:

Maskam gypsum mine, Vanrhynsdorp, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Galsyfer Mine, Kaalberg Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Halite

Formula: NaCl

Locality: Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Miller, Christopher E, Goldberg, Paul, Berna, Francesco (2013) Geoarchaeological investigations at diepkloof rock shelter, western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40 (9) Elsevier. 3432-3452

ⓘ Hedenbergite

Formula: CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆

Locality: Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Hematite

Formula: Fe₂O₃

Localities:

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Geelwal Karoo deposit, Geelwal Karoo Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Hercynite

Formula: Fe²⁺Al₂O₄

Locality: Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Paper No. 132–134.

Knoper, M. W. (2010, November). The mesoproterozoic Steenkampskraal rare-earth element deposit in Namaqualand, South Africa. In 2010 GSA, Denver Annual Meeting (31 October–3 November 2010)

Ren, Junping; Gu, Alei; Sun, Kai; Zhang, Hang; Li, Jianwu; Sun, Hongwei; Lu, Yiguan; Tong, Xin; Wu, Xingyuan; Zhou, Zuomin (2025) A Review of Rare Earth Elements Resources in Africa. Minerals, 15 (9). doi:10.3390/min15090980

ⓘ 'Hornblende Root Name Group'

Formula: ◻Ca₂(C²⁺₄C³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)W₂

Locality: Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Hydroxylapatite

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)

Localities:

Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Elands Bay Cave, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄,CO₃)₃(OH,O)

Locality: Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe²⁺TiO₃

Localities:

Tormine mine, Lutzville, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Namakwa Sands Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Geelwal Karoo deposit, Geelwal Karoo Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ 'Kalkowskite'

Locality: Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ 'K Feldspar'

Locality: Namakwa Sands Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Macdonald, W.G., Rozendaal, A., and de Meijer, R.J. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 371-381.

ⓘ Kyanite

Formula: Al₂(SiO₄)O

Localities:

Namakwa Sands Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Kyanite occurrence, Koekenaap, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Blaauvlei Farm, Vanrhynsdorp, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ 'Leucoxene'

Localities:

Namakwa Sands Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Geelwal Karoo deposit, Geelwal Karoo Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ 'Limonite'

Localities:

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

Localities:

Tormine mine, Lutzville, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Namakwa Sands Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Geelwal Karoo deposit, Geelwal Karoo Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Unnamed REE occurrence, Komkans Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Malachite

Formula: Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂

Locality: Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa. p.1-290.p.225

ⓘ Microcline

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

Locality: Unnamed REE occurrence, Komkans Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Cole, D. I. (2013) The Metallogeny Of The Calvinia Area. Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, South Africa

ⓘ Molybdenite

Formula: MoS₂

Locality: Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)

Formula: Ce(PO₄)

Locality: Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

M. A. G. Andreoli, et al., 1994, The geology of the Steenkampskraal monazite deposit, South Africa

implications for REE-Th-Cu mineralization in charnockite-granulite terranes, Economic Geology, August 1994

v. 89

no. 5

p. 994-1016.

ⓘ 'Monazite Group'

Formula: REE(PO₄)

Localities:

Uilklip Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Roodewal Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Unnamed REE occurrence, Komkans Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Montgomeryite

Formula: Ca₄MgAl₄(PO₄)₆(OH)₄ · 12H₂O

Locality: Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Native Copper

Formula: Cu

Locality: Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa. p.1-290.

ⓘ Native Gold

Formula: Au

Locality: Spitskop deposit, Swartland Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Native Silver

Formula: Ag

Locality: Spitskop deposit, Swartland Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Niter

Formula: KNO₃

Locality: Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Nitratine

Formula: NaNO₃

Locality: Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Opal

Formula: SiO₂ · nH₂O

Locality: Elands Bay Cave, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Orthoclase

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

Locality: Cape Lime Company's Dolomite Quarry, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Sorrell, Steve (n.d.) Personal communication.

ⓘ 'Orthopyroxene Subgroup'

Locality: Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

August 1994

v. 89

no. 5

p. 994-1016.

M. A. G. Andreoli, et al (1994) Economic Geology

Harmer, R.E., Nex, P.A.M. (2016) Rare Earth Deposits of Africa. Episodes, 39 (2) 381-406 doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i2/95784

ⓘ Pentlandite

Formula: (Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈

Localities:

Spitskop deposit, Swartland Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Hondekloof nickel deposit, Nuwefontein Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Powellite

Formula: Ca(MoO₄)

Locality: Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Pseudorutile

Formula: Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺₃O₉

Locality: Namakwa Sands Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Macdonald, W.G., Rozendaal, A., and de Meijer, R.J. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 371-381.

ⓘ 'Psilomelane'

Locality: Citrusdal, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa. p.1-290.

ⓘ Pyrite

Formula: FeS₂

Localities:

ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'

Formula: ADSi₂O₆

Locality: Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Paper No. 132–134.

Knoper, M. W. (2010, November). The mesoproterozoic Steenkampskraal rare-earth element deposit in Namaqualand, South Africa. In 2010 GSA, Denver Annual Meeting (31 October–3 November 2010)

ⓘ Pyrrhotite

Formula: Fe_1-xS

Localities:

Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Hondekloof nickel deposit, Nuwefontein Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

ⓘ Rutile

Formula: TiO₂

Localities:

Tormine mine, Lutzville, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Namakwa Sands Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Cape Lime Company's Dolomite Quarry, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Geelwal Karoo deposit, Geelwal Karoo Farm, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Scheelite

Formula: Ca(WO₄)

Locality: Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Sphalerite

Formula: ZnS

Localities:

Spitskop deposit, Swartland Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa
Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

ⓘ Spinel

Formula: MgAl₂O₄

Locality: Namakwa Sands Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Macdonald, W.G., Rozendaal, A., and de Meijer, R.J. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 371-381.

ⓘ Strengite

Formula: FePO₄ · 2H₂O

Locality: Saldanha Bay Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa. p.1-290.

ⓘ Struvite

Formula: (NH₄)Mg(PO₄) · 6H₂O

Locality: Hoedjes Peninsula, Saldanha Bay Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa. p.1-290.

ⓘ Sveite

Formula: (K_3-x◻_x)Al₈(NO₃)₆O₈Cl₄ · nH₂O

Locality: Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Taranakite

Formula: K₃Al₅(PO₃OH)₆(PO₄)₂ · 18H₂O

Locality: Elands Bay Cave, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Teschemacherite (TL)

Formula: (NH₄)HCO₃

Type Locality:

References:

Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.p.137

Dell, C. I. (1972) An Occurrence of Greigite in Lake Superior Sediments. American Mineralogist, 57 (7-8). 1303-1304

ⓘ Thorite

Formula: Th(SiO₄)

Locality: Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Harmer, R.E., Nex, P.A.M. (2016) Rare Earth Deposits of Africa. Episodes, 39 (2) 381-406 doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i2/95784

ⓘ 'Tourmaline'

Formula: AD₃G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z

Localities:

ⓘ Variscite

Formula: AlPO₄ · 2H₂O

Locality: Elands Bay Cave, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Vesuvianite

Formula: Ca₁₉Fe³⁺Al₄(Al₆Mg₂)(◻₄)◻[Si₂O₇]₄[(SiO₄)₁₀]O(OH)₉

Locality: Riviera deposit, Piketberg, Bergrivier Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ Whitlockite

Formula: Ca₉Mg(PO₄)₆(PO₃OH)

Locality: Elands Bay Cave, Cederberg Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

ⓘ 'Xenotime'

Locality: Steenkampskraal Mine, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

References:

Harmer, R.E., Nex, P.A.M. (2016) Rare Earth Deposits of Africa. Episodes, 39 (2) 381-406 doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i2/95784

ⓘ Zircon

Formula: Zr(SiO₄)

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

Gallery:

CaCO₃ⓘ Calcite

Calcite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Calcite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Calcite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Calcite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Calcite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Calcite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Calcite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Fe₂O₃ⓘ Hematite

Hematite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Hematite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Hematite

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Hematite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Hematite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Hematite

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Hematite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Hematite, etc.

Aties Iron Mine, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

SiO₂ⓘ Quartz

Quartz, etc.

Cape Lime Company's Dolomite Quarry, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Quartz, etc.

Cape Lime Company's Dolomite Quarry, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Quartz, etc.

Cape Lime Company's Dolomite Quarry, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

TiO₂ⓘ Rutile

Rutile, etc.

Cape Lime Company's Dolomite Quarry, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Rutile, etc.

Cape Lime Company's Dolomite Quarry, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

Rutile, etc.

Cape Lime Company's Dolomite Quarry, Vredendal, Matzikama Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘ	Native Copper	1.AA.05	Cu
ⓘ	Native Gold	1.AA.05	Au
ⓘ	Native Silver	1.AA.05	Ag
ⓘ	Diamond	1.CB.10a	C
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Pentlandite	2.BB.15	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
ⓘ	Sphalerite	2.CB.05a	ZnS
ⓘ	Chalcopyrite	2.CB.10a	CuFeS₂
ⓘ	Pyrrhotite	2.CC.10	Fe_1-xS
ⓘ	Galena	2.CD.10	PbS
ⓘ	Molybdenite	2.EA.30	MoS₂
ⓘ	Pyrite	2.EB.05a	FeS₂
ⓘ	Arsenopyrite	2.EB.20	FeAsS
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘ	Halite	3.AA.20	NaCl
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Goethite	4.00.	Fe³⁺O(OH)
ⓘ	Chromite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Hercynite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Al₂O₄
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Spinel	4.BB.05	MgAl₂O₄
ⓘ	Hematite	4.CB.05	Fe₂O₃
ⓘ	Ilmenite	4.CB.05	Fe²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Pseudorutile	4.CB.25	Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺₃O₉
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Opal	4.DA.10	SiO₂ · nH₂O
ⓘ	Rutile	4.DB.05	TiO₂
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Teschemacherite (TL)	5.AA.25	(NH₄)HCO₃
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Ankerite	5.AB.10	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
ⓘ	Aragonite ?	5.AB.15	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Malachite	5.BA.10	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Nitratine	5.NA.05	NaNO₃
ⓘ	Niter	5.NA.10	KNO₃
ⓘ	Sveite	5.ND.20	(K_3-x◻_x)Al₈(NO₃)₆O₈Cl₄ · nH₂O
Group 6 - Borates
ⓘ	Boracite	6.GA.05	Mg₃(B₇O₁₃)Cl
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Gypsum	7.CD.40	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	var. Selenite	7.CD.40	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Powellite	7.GA.05	Ca(MoO₄)
ⓘ	Scheelite	7.GA.05	Ca(WO₄)
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘ	Whitlockite	8.AC.45	Ca₉Mg(PO₄)₆(PO₃OH)
ⓘ	Monazite-(Ce)	8.AD.50	Ce(PO₄)
ⓘ	Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite	8.BN.05	Ca₅(PO₄,CO₃)₃(OH,O)
ⓘ	Fluorapatite	8.BN.05	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
ⓘ	Hydroxylapatite	8.BN.05	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)
ⓘ	Strengite	8.CD.10	FePO₄ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Variscite	8.CD.10	AlPO₄ · 2H₂O
ⓘ	Taranakite	8.CH.25	K₃Al₅(PO₃OH)₆(PO₄)₂ · 18H₂O
ⓘ	Struvite	8.CH.40	(NH₄)Mg(PO₄) · 6H₂O
ⓘ	Ardealite	8.CJ.50	Ca₂(PO₃OH)(SO₄) · 4H₂O
ⓘ	Montgomeryite	8.DH.25	Ca₄MgAl₄(PO₄)₆(OH)₄ · 12H₂O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Almandine	9.AD.25	Fe²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	Thorite	9.AD.30	Th(SiO₄)
ⓘ	Zircon	9.AD.30	Zr(SiO₄)
ⓘ	Kyanite	9.AF.15	Al₂(SiO₄)O
ⓘ	Britholite-(Ce)	9.AH.25	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH
ⓘ	Epidote	9.BG.05a	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
ⓘ	Vesuvianite	9.BG.35	Ca₁₉Fe³⁺Al₄(Al₆Mg₂)(◻₄)◻[Si₂O₇]₄[(SiO₄)₁₀]O(OH)₉
ⓘ	Enstatite	9.DA.05	Mg₂Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Augite	9.DA.15	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Hedenbergite	9.DA.15	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Actinolite	9.DE.10	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
ⓘ	Microcline	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Orthoclase	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Group 10 - Organic Compounds
ⓘ	Guanine	10.CA.30	C₅H₅N₅O
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Amphibole Supergroup'	-	AB₂C₅(T₈O₂₂)W₂
ⓘ	'Bastnäsite'	-	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
ⓘ	'Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
ⓘ	'Chlorite Group'	-
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group'	-
ⓘ	'Glauconite'	-	K_0.60-0.85(Fe³⁺,Mg,Al)₂(Si,Al)₄O₁₀](OH)₂
ⓘ	'Limonite'	-
ⓘ	'Monazite Group'	-	REE(PO₄)
ⓘ	'Psilomelane'	-
ⓘ	'Tourmaline'	-	AD₃G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
ⓘ	'Leucoxene'	-
ⓘ	'Xenotime'	-
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'	-
ⓘ	'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'	-
ⓘ	'Andradite-Grossular Series'	-
ⓘ	'Hornblende Root Name Group'	-	◻Ca₂(C²⁺₄C³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)W₂
ⓘ	'K Feldspar'	-
ⓘ	'Pyroxene Group'	-	ADSi₂O₆
ⓘ	'Garnet Group'	-	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	'Orthopyroxene Subgroup'	-
ⓘ	'Apatite'	-	Ca₅(PO₄)₃A
ⓘ	'Kalkowskite'	-
ⓘ	'Allanite Group'	-	(A1²⁺REE³⁺)(M1³⁺M2³⁺M3²⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Ardealite	Ca₂(PO₃OH)(SO₄) · 4H₂O
H	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
H	ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH
H	ⓘ Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite	Ca₅(PO₄,CO₃)₃(OH,O)
H	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
H	ⓘ Glauconite	K_0.60-0.85(Fe³⁺,Mg,Al)₂(Si,Al)₄O₁₀](OH)₂
H	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
H	ⓘ Guanine	C₅H₅N₅O
H	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Hydroxylapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)
H	ⓘ Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Montgomeryite	Ca₄MgAl₄(PO₄)₆(OH)₄ · 12H₂O
H	ⓘ Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Strengite	FePO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Struvite	(NH₄)Mg(PO₄) · 6H₂O
H	ⓘ Sveite	(K_3-x◻_x)Al₈(NO₃)₆O₈Cl₄ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Taranakite	K₃Al₅(PO₃OH)₆(PO₄)₂ · 18H₂O
H	ⓘ Teschemacherite	(NH₄)HCO₃
H	ⓘ Variscite	AlPO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Vesuvianite	Ca₁₉Fe³⁺Al₄(Al₆Mg₂)(◻₄)◻[Si₂O₇]₄[(SiO₄)₁₀]O(OH)₉
H	ⓘ Whitlockite	Ca₉Mg(PO₄)₆(PO₃OH)
H	ⓘ Gypsum var. Selenite	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Allanite Group	(A1²⁺REE³⁺)(M1³⁺M2³⁺M3²⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
B	Boron
B	ⓘ Boracite	Mg₃(B₇O₁₃)Cl
B	ⓘ Tourmaline	AD₃G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Aragonite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite	Ca₅(PO₄,CO₃)₃(OH,O)
C	ⓘ Diamond	C
C	ⓘ Guanine	C₅H₅N₅O
C	ⓘ Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
C	ⓘ Teschemacherite	(NH₄)HCO₃
N	Nitrogen
N	ⓘ Guanine	C₅H₅N₅O
N	ⓘ Nitratine	NaNO₃
N	ⓘ Niter	KNO₃
N	ⓘ Struvite	(NH₄)Mg(PO₄) · 6H₂O
N	ⓘ Sveite	(K_3-x◻_x)Al₈(NO₃)₆O₈Cl₄ · nH₂O
N	ⓘ Teschemacherite	(NH₄)HCO₃
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup	AB₂C₅(T₈O₂₂)W₂
O	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Aragonite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Ardealite	Ca₂(PO₃OH)(SO₄) · 4H₂O
O	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Almandine	Fe₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
O	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
O	ⓘ Boracite	Mg₃(B₇O₁₃)Cl
O	ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite	Ca₅(PO₄,CO₃)₃(OH,O)
O	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
O	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
O	ⓘ Glauconite	K_0.60-0.85(Fe³⁺,Mg,Al)₂(Si,Al)₄O₁₀](OH)₂
O	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
O	ⓘ Guanine	C₅H₅N₅O
O	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Hedenbergite	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
O	ⓘ Hercynite	Fe²⁺Al₂O₄
O	ⓘ Hydroxylapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)
O	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Kyanite	Al₂(SiO₄)O
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Monazite Group	REE(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Montgomeryite	Ca₄MgAl₄(PO₄)₆(OH)₄ · 12H₂O
O	ⓘ Nitratine	NaNO₃
O	ⓘ Niter	KNO₃
O	ⓘ Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Powellite	Ca(MoO₄)
O	ⓘ Pseudorutile	Fe₂³⁺Ti₃⁴⁺O₉
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)
O	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
O	ⓘ Strengite	FePO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Struvite	(NH₄)Mg(PO₄) · 6H₂O
O	ⓘ Sveite	(K_3-x◻_x)Al₈(NO₃)₆O₈Cl₄ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Taranakite	K₃Al₅(PO₃OH)₆(PO₄)₂ · 18H₂O
O	ⓘ Teschemacherite	(NH₄)HCO₃
O	ⓘ Thorite	Th(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Tourmaline	AD₃G₆(T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
O	ⓘ Variscite	AlPO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Vesuvianite	Ca₁₉Fe³⁺Al₄(Al₆Mg₂)(◻₄)◻[Si₂O₇]₄[(SiO₄)₁₀]O(OH)₉
O	ⓘ Whitlockite	Ca₉Mg(PO₄)₆(PO₃OH)
O	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Gypsum var. Selenite	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Andradite-Grossular Series
O	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(C₄²⁺C³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)W₂
O	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃A
O	ⓘ Allanite Group	(A1²⁺REE³⁺)(M1³⁺M2³⁺M3²⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
F	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
F	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Halite	NaCl
Na	ⓘ Nitratine	NaNO₃
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Mg	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Mg	ⓘ Boracite	Mg₃(B₇O₁₃)Cl
Mg	ⓘ Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Glauconite	K_0.60-0.85(Fe³⁺,Mg,Al)₂(Si,Al)₄O₁₀](OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Montgomeryite	Ca₄MgAl₄(PO₄)₆(OH)₄ · 12H₂O
Mg	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Mg	ⓘ Struvite	(NH₄)Mg(PO₄) · 6H₂O
Mg	ⓘ Vesuvianite	Ca₁₉Fe³⁺Al₄(Al₆Mg₂)(◻₄)◻[Si₂O₇]₄[(SiO₄)₁₀]O(OH)₉
Mg	ⓘ Whitlockite	Ca₉Mg(PO₄)₆(PO₃OH)
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Almandine	Fe₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Al	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Al	ⓘ Glauconite	K_0.60-0.85(Fe³⁺,Mg,Al)₂(Si,Al)₄O₁₀](OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Hercynite	Fe²⁺Al₂O₄
Al	ⓘ Kyanite	Al₂(SiO₄)O
Al	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Montgomeryite	Ca₄MgAl₄(PO₄)₆(OH)₄ · 12H₂O
Al	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Al	ⓘ Sveite	(K_3-x◻_x)Al₈(NO₃)₆O₈Cl₄ · nH₂O
Al	ⓘ Taranakite	K₃Al₅(PO₃OH)₆(PO₄)₂ · 18H₂O
Al	ⓘ Variscite	AlPO₄ · 2H₂O
Al	ⓘ Vesuvianite	Ca₁₉Fe³⁺Al₄(Al₆Mg₂)(◻₄)◻[Si₂O₇]₄[(SiO₄)₁₀]O(OH)₉
Al	ⓘ Andradite-Grossular Series
Al	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(C₄²⁺C³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)W₂
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Almandine	Fe₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Si	ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH
Si	ⓘ Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Si	ⓘ Glauconite	K_0.60-0.85(Fe³⁺,Mg,Al)₂(Si,Al)₄O₁₀](OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Hedenbergite	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Kyanite	Al₂(SiO₄)O
Si	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Thorite	Th(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Vesuvianite	Ca₁₉Fe³⁺Al₄(Al₆Mg₂)(◻₄)◻[Si₂O₇]₄[(SiO₄)₁₀]O(OH)₉
Si	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Andradite-Grossular Series
Si	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(C₄²⁺C³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)W₂
Si	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Allanite Group	(A1²⁺REE³⁺)(M1³⁺M2³⁺M3²⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Ardealite	Ca₂(PO₃OH)(SO₄) · 4H₂O
P	ⓘ Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite	Ca₅(PO₄,CO₃)₃(OH,O)
P	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
P	ⓘ Hydroxylapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)
P	ⓘ Monazite Group	REE(PO₄)
P	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
P	ⓘ Montgomeryite	Ca₄MgAl₄(PO₄)₆(OH)₄ · 12H₂O
P	ⓘ Strengite	FePO₄ · 2H₂O
P	ⓘ Struvite	(NH₄)Mg(PO₄) · 6H₂O
P	ⓘ Taranakite	K₃Al₅(PO₃OH)₆(PO₄)₂ · 18H₂O
P	ⓘ Variscite	AlPO₄ · 2H₂O
P	ⓘ Whitlockite	Ca₉Mg(PO₄)₆(PO₃OH)
P	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃A
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
S	ⓘ Ardealite	Ca₂(PO₃OH)(SO₄) · 4H₂O
S	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
S	ⓘ Galena	PbS
S	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Molybdenite	MoS₂
S	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
S	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
S	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
S	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
S	ⓘ Gypsum var. Selenite	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Cl	Chlorine
Cl	ⓘ Boracite	Mg₃(B₇O₁₃)Cl
Cl	ⓘ Halite	NaCl
Cl	ⓘ Sveite	(K_3-x◻_x)Al₈(NO₃)₆O₈Cl₄ · nH₂O
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
K	ⓘ Glauconite	K_0.60-0.85(Fe³⁺,Mg,Al)₂(Si,Al)₄O₁₀](OH)₂
K	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Niter	KNO₃
K	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Sveite	(K_3-x◻_x)Al₈(NO₃)₆O₈Cl₄ · nH₂O
K	ⓘ Taranakite	K₃Al₅(PO₃OH)₆(PO₄)₂ · 18H₂O
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Ca	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Aragonite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Ardealite	Ca₂(PO₃OH)(SO₄) · 4H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite	Ca₅(PO₄,CO₃)₃(OH,O)
Ca	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Ca	ⓘ Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
Ca	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Hedenbergite	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Hydroxylapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)
Ca	ⓘ Montgomeryite	Ca₄MgAl₄(PO₄)₆(OH)₄ · 12H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Powellite	Ca(MoO₄)
Ca	ⓘ Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)
Ca	ⓘ Vesuvianite	Ca₁₉Fe³⁺Al₄(Al₆Mg₂)(◻₄)◻[Si₂O₇]₄[(SiO₄)₁₀]O(OH)₉
Ca	ⓘ Whitlockite	Ca₉Mg(PO₄)₆(PO₃OH)
Ca	ⓘ Gypsum var. Selenite	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Andradite-Grossular Series
Ca	ⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group	◻Ca₂(C₄²⁺C³⁺)(AlSi₇O₂₂)W₂
Ca	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃A
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Ti	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Pseudorutile	Fe₂³⁺Ti₃⁴⁺O₉
Ti	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
Cr	Chromium
Cr	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Actinolite	◻Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Ankerite	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂
Fe	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
Fe	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Almandine	Fe₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Fe	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Fe	ⓘ Glauconite	K_0.60-0.85(Fe³⁺,Mg,Al)₂(Si,Al)₄O₁₀](OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Goethite	Fe³⁺O(OH)
Fe	ⓘ Hedenbergite	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
Fe	ⓘ Hercynite	Fe²⁺Al₂O₄
Fe	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
Fe	ⓘ Pseudorutile	Fe₂³⁺Ti₃⁴⁺O₉
Fe	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
Fe	ⓘ Strengite	FePO₄ · 2H₂O
Fe	ⓘ Vesuvianite	Ca₁₉Fe³⁺Al₄(Al₆Mg₂)(◻₄)◻[Si₂O₇]₄[(SiO₄)₁₀]O(OH)₉
Fe	ⓘ Andradite-Grossular Series
Ni	Nickel
Ni	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
Cu	Copper
Cu	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Cu	ⓘ Native Copper	Cu
Cu	ⓘ Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
Zn	Zinc
Zn	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
As	Arsenic
As	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
Y	Yttrium
Y	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Zr	Zirconium
Zr	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Mo	Molybdenum
Mo	ⓘ Molybdenite	MoS₂
Mo	ⓘ Powellite	Ca(MoO₄)
Ag	Silver
Ag	ⓘ Native Silver	Ag
Ce	Cerium
Ce	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
Ce	ⓘ Britholite-(Ce)	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH
Ce	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
Nd	Neodymium
Nd	ⓘ Bastnäsite	(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO₃)F
W	Tungsten
W	ⓘ Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)
Au	Gold
Au	ⓘ Native Gold	Au
Pb	Lead
Pb	ⓘ Galena	PbS
Th	Thorium
Th	ⓘ Thorite	Th(SiO₄)

Fossils

There are 1051 fossil localities from the PaleoBioDB database within this region.

These data are provided on an experimental basis and are taken from external databases. Mindat.org has no control currently over the accuracy of these data.

Occurrences

1051

Youngest Fossil Listed

0.01 Ma (Pleistocene)

Oldest Fossil Listed

445 Ma (Late/Upper Ordovician)

Stratigraphic Units

Click here to view 16 stratigraphic units.

Fossils from Region

Click here to show the list.

Accepted Name	Hierarchy	Age
Elphidium genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Globothalamea : Rotaliida : Elphidiidae : *Elphidium*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Ancyrochitina genus	Sarcodina : Rhizopodea : *Ancyrochitina*	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Conochitina genus	Prosamatifera : Conochitinidae : *Conochitina*	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Cyathochitina genus	Sarcodina : Rhizopodea : *Cyathochitina*	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Desmochitina genus	Sarcodina : Rhizopodea : *Desmochitina*	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Hoegisphaera genus	Sarcodina : Rhizopodea : *Hoegisphaera*	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Cornulitidae family	Animalia : Mollusca : Cornulitidae	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Cornulites genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Cornulitidae : *Cornulites*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Hyolithes genus	Animalia : Hyolitha : Hyolithida : Hyolithidae : *Hyolithes*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Chiton genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Polyplacophora : Chitonida : Chitonidae : *Chiton*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Tentaculites genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Tentaculitidae : *Tentaculites*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Bellerophon genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bellerophontidae : *Bellerophon*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Bucanella genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bucanellidae : *Bucanella*	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Cellana genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Nacellidae : *Cellana*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Helcion genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Patellidae : *Helcion*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Patella genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Patellogastropoda : Patellidae : *Patella*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Gibbula genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Trochida : Trochidae : *Gibbula*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Haliotis genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Lepetellida : Haliotidae : *Haliotis*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Tricolia genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Trochida : Phasianellidae : *Tricolia*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Cerithium genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Cerithiidae : *Cerithium*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Crepidula genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Calyptraeidae : *Crepidula*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Cymatium genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Cymatiidae : *Cymatium*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Littorina genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Littorinidae : *Littorina*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Natica genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Naticidae : *Natica*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Turritella genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Turritellidae : *Turritella*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Bullia genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Nassariidae : *Bullia*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Clavatula genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Clavatulidae : *Clavatula*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Conus genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Conidae : *Conus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Crassispira genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Pseudomelatomidae : *Crassispira*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Rostellaria (Fusus) subgenus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Strombidae : Tibia : *Rostellaria (Fusus)*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Marginella genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Marginellidae : *Marginella*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Mitra genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Mitridae : *Mitra*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Nassa genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Muricidae : *Nassa*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Nassarius genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Nassariidae : *Nassarius*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Ocenebra genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Muricidae : *Ocenebra*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Pyrene genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Columbellidae : *Pyrene*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Thais genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Muricidae : *Thais*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Purpura (Tritonalia) subgenus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Muricidae : Purpura : *Purpura (Tritonalia)*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Turris genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Turridae : *Turris*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Pyramidella genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Pyramidellidae : *Pyramidella*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Siphonaria genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Siphonariida : Siphonariidae : *Siphonaria*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Concavodonta genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Nuculida : Praenuculidae : *Concavodonta*	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Nuculana genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Nuculanida : Nuculanidae : *Nuculana*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Nuculites genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Nuculanida : Malletiidae : *Nuculites*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Anadara genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Arcidae : *Anadara*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Scapharca genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Arcidae : *Scapharca*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Aulacomya genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Mytilida : Mytilidae : *Aulacomya*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Mytilus genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Mytilida : Mytilidae : *Mytilus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Perna genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Mytilida : Mytilidae : *Perna*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Lima genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Limida : Limidae : *Lima*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Ostrea genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Ostreida : Ostreidae : *Ostraea*	23.03 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Chamelea genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Chamelea*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Divaricella genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Lucinida : Lucinidae : *Divaricella*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Donax genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Donacidae : *Donax*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Lutraria genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae : *Lutraria*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Macrocallista genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Macrocallista*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Mactra genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae : *Mactra*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Pitar genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Pitar*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Solen genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Adapedonta : Solenidae : *Solen*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Tapes genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Tapes*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Tellina genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Tellinidae : *Tellina*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Tivela genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Tivela*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Venus genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Veneridae : *Venus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Soomaspis genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Nektaspida : Liwiidae : *Soomaspis*	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Burmeisteria genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Trilobita : Phacopida : Homalonotidae : *Burmeisteria*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Metacryphaeus genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Trilobita : Phacopida : Calmoniidae : *Metacryphaeus*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Mucronaspis genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Trilobita : Phacopida : Dalmanitidae : *Mucronaspis*	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Oosthuizenella genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Trilobita : Phacopida : Calmoniidae : *Oosthuizenella*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Pennaia genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Trilobita : Phacopida : Calmoniidae : *Pennaia*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Cirripedia subclass	Animalia : Arthropoda : Maxillopoda : Cirripedia	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Ostracoda class	Animalia : Arthropoda : Ostracoda	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Bryozoa phylum	Animalia : Bryozoa	445.2 - 440.8 Ma Paleozoic
Fenestella genus	Animalia : Bryozoa : Stenolaemata : Fenestrida : Fenestellidae : *Fenestella*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Plectoglossa genus	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Lingulata : Lingulida : Obolidae : *Plectoglossa*	445.2 - 440.8 Ma Paleozoic
Orbiculoidea genus	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Lingulata : Lingulida : Discinidae : *Orbiculoidea*	445.2 - 393.3 Ma Paleozoic
Trematis genus	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Lingulata : Lingulida : Trematidae : *Trematis*	445.2 - 440.8 Ma Paleozoic
Heterorthella genus	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Orthida : Heterorthidae : *Heterorthella*	445.2 - 440.8 Ma Paleozoic
Rhynchonellida order	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Rhynchonellida	445.2 - 440.8 Ma Paleozoic
Plectothyrella genus	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Rhynchonellida : Trigonorhynchiidae : *Plectothyrella*	445.2 - 440.8 Ma Paleozoic
Derbyina genus	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Terebratulida : Mutationellidae : *Derbyina*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Mutationella genus	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Terebratulida : Mutationellidae : *Mutationella*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Placocystella genus	Animalia : Echinodermata : Stylophora : Mitrata : *Placocystella*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Crinoidea class	Animalia : Echinodermata : Crinoidea	445.2 - 440.8 Ma Paleozoic
Chondrichthyes class	Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Squalus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes : Plagiostomi : Squalidae : *Squalus*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Squatina genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Squatiniformes : Squatinidae : *Squatina*	11.608 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Carcharodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Lamniformes : Lamnidae : *Carcharodon*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Isurus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Lamniformes : Lamnidae : *Isurus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Lamna genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Lamniformes : Lamnidae : *Lamna*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Odontaspis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Lamniformes : Odontaspididae : *Odontaspis*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Carcharhinus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Carcharhiniformes : Carcharhinidae : *Carcharhinus*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Negaprion genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Carcharhiniformes : Carcharhinidae : *Negaprion*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Prionace genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Carcharhiniformes : Carcharhinidae : *Prionace*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Raja genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Rajiformes : Rajidae : *Raja*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Myliobatis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Myliobatiformes : Myliobatidae : *Myliobatis*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Osteichthyes unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Amphibia class	Animalia : Chordata : Amphibia	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Reptilia class	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia	23.03 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Squamata order	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata	7.246 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Aves class	Animalia : Chordata : Aves	7.246 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Sphenisciformes order	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Sphenisciformes	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Procellariiformes order	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Procellariiformes	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Pelecaniformes order	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Mammalia class	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Cetacea order	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea	11.608 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Arctocephalus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Otariidae : *Arctocephalus*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Testudinidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Testudo genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : *Testudo*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Chamaeleonidae genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : *Chameleon*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Gekkonidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Gekkonidae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Struthio genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Struthioniformes : Struthionidae : *Struthio*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Accipitridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Phasianidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Galliformes : Phasianidae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Columbidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Columbiformes : Columbidae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Psittaciformes order	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Psittaciformes	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Colius genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Coliiformes : Coliidae : *Colius*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Apodidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Apodiformes : Apodidae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Passeriformes order	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Gruidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Gruiformes : Gruidae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Rallidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Gruiformes : Rallidae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Laridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Anatidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Anseriformes : Anatidae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Ciconiidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Ciconiiformes : Ciconiidae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Scopus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes : Scopidae : *Scopus*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Phalacrocoracidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Phalacrocoracidae	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Diomedeidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Procellariiformes : Diomedeidae	5.333 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Diomedea genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Procellariiformes : Diomedeidae : *Diomedea*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Procellariidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Procellariiformes : Procellariidae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Pachyptila genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Procellariiformes : Procellariidae : *Pachyptila*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Puffinus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Procellariiformes : Procellariidae : *Puffinus*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Spheniscidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Sphenisciformes : Spheniscidae	11.608 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Spheniscus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Sphenisciformes : Spheniscidae : *Spheniscus*	3.6 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Elephantulus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Macroscelidea : Macroscelididae : *Elephantulus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Erinaceidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Erinaceomorpha : Erinaceidae	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Erinaceus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Erinaceomorpha : Erinaceidae : *Erinaceus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Soricidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Soricomorpha : Soricidae	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Myosorex genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Soricomorpha : Soricidae : *Myosorex*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Suncus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Soricomorpha : Soricidae : *Suncus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Chrysochloridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Afrosoricida : Chrysochloridae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Chrysochloris genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Afrosoricida : Chrysochloridae : *Chrysochloris*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Eptesicus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Chiroptera : Vespertilionidae : *Eptesicus*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Cercopithecidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Viverridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Viverridae	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Genetta genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Viverridae : *Genetta*	7.246 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Herpestes genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Herpestidae : *Herpestes*	7.246 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Pseudocivetta genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Viverridae : *Pseudocivetta*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Suricata genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Herpestidae : *Suricata*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Hyaenidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae	23.03 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Adcrocuta genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae : *Adcrocuta*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Chasmaporthetes genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae : *Chasmaporthetes*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Hyaena genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae : *Hyaena*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Ictitherium genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae : *Ictitherium*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Felidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae	23.03 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Dinofelis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : *Dinofelis*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Felis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : *Felis*	7.246 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Homotherium genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : *Homotherium*	7.246 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Machairodus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : *Machairodus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Megantereon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : *Megantereon*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Panthera genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : *Panthera*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Mustelidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae	23.03 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Aonyx genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : *Aonyx*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Mellivora genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : *Mellivora*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Plesiogulo genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : *Plesiogulo*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Phocidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Canidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Canis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : *Canis*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Vulpes genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : *Vulpes*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Procyonidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Procyonidae	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Ursidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Ursidae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Rodentia order	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Desmodillus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : *Desmodillus*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Mystromys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Nesomyidae : *Mystromys*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Muridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Acomys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : *Acomys*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Aethomys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : *Aethomys*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Dendromus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Nesomyidae : *Dendromus*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Mus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : *Mus*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Otomys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Murina : *Otomys*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Rhabdomys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : *Rhabdomys*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Steatomys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Nesomyidae : *Steatomys*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Bathyergidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Bathyergidae	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Cryptomys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Bathyergidae : *Cryptomys*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Hystricidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Hystricidae	7.246 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Hystrix genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Hystricidae : *Hystrix*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Lagomorpha order	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Leporidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha : Leporidae	23.03 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Lepus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha : Leporidae : *Lepus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Suidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Mesochoerus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : *Mesochoerus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Metridiochoerus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : *Metridiochoerus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Nyanzachoerus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : *Nyanzachoerus*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Sanitherium genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Palaeochoeridae : *Sanitherium*	3.6 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Tayassuidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Tayassuidae	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Hippopotamidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Hippopotamus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : *Hippopotamus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Giraffa genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : *Giraffa*	23.03 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Libytherium genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : *Libytherium*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Sivatherium genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : *Sivatherium*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Bovidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Alcelaphus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Alcelaphus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Antidorcas genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Antidorcas*	23.03 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Beatragus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Beatragus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Damaliscus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Damaliscus*	23.03 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Gazella genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Gazella*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Hippotragus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Hippotragus*	7.246 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Kobus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Kobus*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Madoqua genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Madoqua*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Megalotragus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Megalotragus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Oreotragus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Oreotragus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Pelorovis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Pelorovis*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Raphicerus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Raphicerus*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Redunca genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Redunca*	23.03 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Tragelaphus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Tragelaphus*	5.333 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Tragocerus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Tragocerus*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Tragoportax genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Tragoportax*	3.6 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Odontoceti suborder	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Odontoceti	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Delphinidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Delphinidae	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Balaenopteridae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Equidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Equus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Equus*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Hipparion genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Hipparion*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Rhinocerotidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Ceratotherium genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae : *Ceratotherium*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Diceros genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae : *Diceros*	23.03 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Gomphotheriidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Gomphotheriidae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Anancus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : *Anancus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Elephantidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Loxodonta genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : *Loxodonta*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Mammuthus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : *Mammuthus*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Stegodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Stegodontidae : *Stegodon*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Stegolophodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Stegodontidae : *Stegolophodon*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Tubulidentata order	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Tubulidentata	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Orycteropus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Tubulidentata : Orycteropodidae : *Orycteropus*	7.246 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Manis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pholidota : Manidae : *Manis*	7.246 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Panthera leo species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Panthera : *Panthera leo*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Taurotragus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Taurotragus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Pinnipedia unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Pinnipedia	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Cyperaceae family	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Liliopsida : Poales : Cyperaceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Poaceae family	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Liliopsida : Poales : Poaceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Lactoripollenites africanus species	Plantae : Lactoripollenites : *Lactoripollenites africanus*	93.5 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Ophidia suborder	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Ophidia	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Palmae family	Plantae : Angiospermae : Arecales : Palmae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Quercus genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Fagales : Fagaceae : *Quercus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Lutrinae subfamily	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Lutrinae	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Ranunculaceae family	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Ranunculales : Ranunculaceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Aizoaceae family	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Caryophyllales : Aizoaceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Amaranthaceae family	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Caryophyllales : Amaranthaceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Chenopodiaceae family	Plantae : Spermatophyta : Magnoliopsida : Caryophyllales : Chenopodiaceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Ericaceae family	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Ericales : Ericaceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Myrica genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Fagales : Myricaceae : *Myrica*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Capparidaceae family	Plantae : Spermatophyta : Magnoliopsida : Capparidales : Capparidaceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Crassulaceae family	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Saxifragales : Crassulaceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Proteaceae family	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Proteales : Proteaceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Umbelliferae family	Plantae : Spermatophyta : Magnoliopsida : Apiales : Umbelliferae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Gentianaceae family	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Gentianales : Gentianaceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Restionaceae family	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Liliopsida : Poales : Restionaceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Testudines order	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Barbatia (Barbatia) obliquata species	*Barbatia (Barbatia) obliquata*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Glycimeris genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Hiatellida : Hiatellidae : *Glycimeris*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Nautiloidea subclass	Animalia : Mollusca : Cephalopoda : Nautiloidea	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Teleostei unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Teleostei	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Batoidea unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes : Batoidea	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Sparidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Spariformes : Sparidae	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Trigonephrus genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Stylommatophora : Dorcasiidae : *Trigonephrus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Pronolagus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha : Leporidae : *Pronolagus*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Bathyergus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Bathyergidae : *Bathyergus*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Parotomys genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : *Parotomys*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Chersina genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : *Chersina*	11.608 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Trygonidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes : Selachii : Trygonidae	11.608 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Viverrinae subfamily	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Viverridae : Viverrinae	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Homiphoca capensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : Homiphoca : *Homiphoca capensis*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Tropidodiscus globosus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bellerophontida : Tropidodiscidae : Tropidodiscus : *Tropidodiscus globosus*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Hippopotamus amphibius species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hippopotamus : *Hippopotamus amphibius*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Otodus megalodon species	Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes : Lamniformes : Otodontidae : Otodus : *Otodus megalodon*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Bostrycapulus aculeatus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Calyptraeidae : Bostrycapulus : *Bostrycapulus aculeatus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Crustacea subphylum	Animalia : Arthropoda : Crustacea	445.2 - 440.8 Ma Paleozoic
Homo sapiens species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Hominidae : Homo : *Homo sapiens*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Galeorhinus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Carcharhiniformes : Triakidae : *Galeorhinus*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Ciconia genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Ciconiiformes : Ciconiidae : *Ciconia*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Anomalina genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Globothalamea : Rotaliida : Anomalinidae : *Anomalina*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Equus quagga species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus : *Equus quagga*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Agnatha class	Animalia : Chordata : Agnatha	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Succinea genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Stylommatophora : Succineidae : *Succinea*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Lobodon carcinophaga species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Phocidae : Lobodon : *Lobodon carcinophaga*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Otariidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Otariidae	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Anura order	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Anura	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Chara genus	Plantae : Charophyta : Charophyceae : Charales : Characeae : *Chara*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Bovini tribe	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Bovini	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Antilopini tribe	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Antilopini	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Reduncini tribe	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Reduncini	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Alcelaphini tribe	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphini	7.246 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Clionella genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Clavatulidae : *Clionella*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Manis (Smutsia) gigantea species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pholidota : Manidae : Smutsia : *Manis (Smutsia) gigantea*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Panthera pardus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Panthera : *Panthera pardus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Herpestes ichneumon species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Herpestidae : Herpestes : *Herpestes ichneumon*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Diceros bicornis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae : Diceros : *Diceros bicornis*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Lepus capensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha : Leporidae : Lepus : *Lepus capensis*	7.246 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Cephalophus grimmia species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Cephalophus : *Cephalophus grimmia*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Ovis aries species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Ovis : *Ovis aries*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Bos taurus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Bos : *Bos taurus*	0.126 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Equus zebra species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus : *Equus zebra*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Otomyini tribe	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae : Otomyini	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Graphiurus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Gliridae : *Graphiurus*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Dege hendeyi species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Sphenisciformes : Spheniscidae : Dege : *Dege hendeyi*	11.608 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Inguza predemersus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Sphenisciformes : Spheniscidae : Inguza : *Inguza predemersus*	11.608 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Turritella (Torquesia) carinifera species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Sorbeoconcha : Turritellidae : Torquesia : *Turritella (Torquesia) carinifera*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Clavatula (Clionella) sinuata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Clavatulidae : Clionella : *Clavatula (Clionella) sinuata*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Purpura (Stramonita) angulata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Muricidae : Stramonita : *Purpura (Stramonita) angulata*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Scissodesma genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae : *Scissodesma*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Ceratotherium simum species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae : Ceratotherium : *Ceratotherium simum*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Orycteropus afer species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Tubulidentata : Orycteropodidae : Orycteropus : *Orycteropus afer*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Cymbula genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Patellogastropoda : Patellidae : *Cymbula*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Hippotherium primigenium species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Hippotherium : *Hippotherium primigenium*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Lepidodendron genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Lycopodiopsida : Lepidodendraceae : *Lepidodendron*	279.3 - 272.3 Ma Permian
Rhinoptera dubius species	Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes : Myliobatiformes : Myliobatidae : Rhinoptera : *Rhinoptera dubius*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Eurygnathohippus albertense species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Eurygnathohippus : *Eurygnathohippus albertense*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Phacochoerus aethiopicus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Phacochoerus : *Phacochoerus aethiopicus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Theropithecus oswaldi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae : Theropithecus : *Theropithecus oswaldi*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Homalonotidae family	Animalia : Arthropoda : Trilobita : Phacopida : Homalonotidae	445.2 - 440.8 Ma Paleozoic
Pelorovis antiquus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Pelorovis : *Pelorovis antiquus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Connochaetes taurina species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Connochaetes : *Connochaetes taurina*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Connochaetes gnou species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Connochaetes : *Connochaetes gnou*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Connochaetes genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Connochaetes*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Arctocephalus pusillus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Otariidae : Arctocephalus : *Arctocephalus pusillus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Lutraria lutraria species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Mactridae : Lutraria : *Lutraria lutraria*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Procavia capensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyracoidea : Procaviidae : Procavia : *Procavia capensis*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Pelagodroma genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Procellariiformes : Hydrobatidae : *Pelagodroma*	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Larus dominicanus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Larus : *Larus dominicanus*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Antidorcas marsupialis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Antidorcas : *Antidorcas marsupialis*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Raphicerus sharpei species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Raphicerus : *Raphicerus sharpei*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Raphicerus campestris species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Raphicerus : *Raphicerus campestris*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Raphicerus melanotis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Raphicerus : *Raphicerus melanotis*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Chonnochaetes genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Chonnochaetes*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Alcelaphus buselaphus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphus : *Alcelaphus buselaphus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Redunca arundinum species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Redunca : *Redunca arundinum*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Pelea capreolus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Pelea : *Pelea capreolus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Tragelaphus angasii species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : *Tragelaphus angasii*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Syncerus caffer species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Syncerus : *Syncerus caffer*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Caryocaris cedarbergensis species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Caryocarididae : Caryocaris : *Caryocaris cedarbergensis*	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Notidanus serratissimus species	Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes : Hexanchiformes : Hexanchidae : Notidanus : *Notidanus serratissimus*	11.608 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Sivaonyx hendeyi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Sivaonyx : *Sivaonyx hendeyi*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Aonyx capensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Aonyx : *Aonyx capensis*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Loxodonta africana species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Loxodonta : *Loxodonta africana*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Argobuccinum pustulosum species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Ranellidae : Argobuccinum : *Argobuccinum pustulosum*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Enhydriodon africanus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Enhydriodon : *Enhydriodon africanus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Plesiobalaenoptera genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Plesiobalaenoptera*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Spheniscus demersus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Sphenisciformes : Spheniscidae : Spheniscus : *Spheniscus demersus*	0.781 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Pachyptila salax species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Procellariiformes : Procellariidae : Pachyptila : *Pachyptila salax*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Francolinus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Galliformes : Phasianidae : *Francolinus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Asteraceae family	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Asterales : Asteraceae	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Procavia pliocenica species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyracoidea : Procaviidae : Procavia : *Procavia pliocenica*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Gomphocythere genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Ostracoda : Podocopida : Limnocytheridae : *Gomphocythere*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Ptomatis africanoides species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bellerophontida : Plectonotidae : Ptomatis : *Ptomatis africanoides*	407.6 - 393.3 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Agriotherium africanum species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hemicyonidae : Agriotherium : *Agriotherium africanum*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Mellivora punjabiensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Mellivora : *Mellivora punjabiensis*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Viverra leakeyi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Viverridae : Viverra : *Viverra leakeyi*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Herpestidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Herpestidae	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Percrocuta australis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae : Percrocuta : *Percrocuta australis*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Hyaena abronia species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae : Hyaena : *Hyaena abronia*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Hyaenictis preforfex species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae : Hyaenictis : *Hyaenictis preforfex*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Felis obscura species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Felis : *Felis obscura*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Geochelone stromeri species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : Geochelone : *Geochelone stromeri*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Haliotis saldanhae species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Lepetellida : Haliotidae : Haliotis : *Haliotis saldanhae*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Amblychilepas scutellum species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Fissurellidae : Amblychilepas : *Amblychilepas scutellum*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Burnupena genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : *Burnupena*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Cuna aquaedulcensis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Carditida : Condylocardiidae : Cuna : *Cuna aquaedulcensis*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Cellana capensis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Patellogastropoda : Nacellidae : Cellana : *Cellana capensis*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Patella granularis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Patellogastropoda : Patellidae : Patella : *Patella granularis*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Diodora parviforata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Fissurellidae : Diodora : *Diodora parviforata*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Oxystele tigrina species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Trochidae : Oxystele : *Oxystele tigrina*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Tricolia neritina species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Phasianellidae : Tricolia : *Tricolia neritina*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Thais dubia species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Muricidae : Thais : *Thais dubia*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Turbonilla kraussi species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Pyramidellidae : Turbonilla : *Turbonilla kraussi*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Donax serra species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Donacidae : Donax : *Donax serra*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Kraussina rubra species	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Terebratulida : Kraussinidae : Kraussina : *Kraussina rubra*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Turbo sarmaticus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Trochida : Turbinidae : Turbo : *Turbo sarmaticus*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Parechinus angulosus species	Animalia : Echinodermata : Echinoidea : Parechinus : *Parechinus angulosus*	11.608 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Bullia laevissima species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Nassariidae : Bullia : *Bullia laevissima*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Tellina madagascariensis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Tellinidae : Tellina : *Tellina madagascariensis*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Gastrana abildgaardiana species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Tellinidae : Gastrana : *Gastrana abildgaardiana*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Dosinia africana species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Veneridae : Dosinia : *Dosinia africana*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Buccinum digitale species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : Buccinum : *Buccinum digitale*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Choromytilus meridionalis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Mytilida : Mytilidae : Choromytilus : *Choromytilus meridionalis*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Nassa plicatella species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Buccinidae : Nassa : *Nassa plicatella*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Marginella capensis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Marginellidae : Marginella : *Marginella capensis*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Sistrum squamosum species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Thaididae : Drupa : *Sistrum squamosum*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Patella granatina species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Patellogastropoda : Patellidae : Patella : *Patella granatina*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Struthio camelus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Struthioniformes : Struthionidae : Struthio : *Struthio camelus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Felis silvestris species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Felis : *Felis silvestris*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Felis lybica species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Felis : *Felis lybica*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Acinonyx jubatus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Acinonyx : *Acinonyx jubatus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Caracal caracal species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Caracal : *Caracal caracal*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Caracal genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : *Caracal*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Caracal serval species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Caracal : *Caracal serval*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Taurotragus oryx species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Taurotragus : *Taurotragus oryx*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Lycaon pictus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Lycaon : *Lycaon pictus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Genetta tigrina species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Viverridae : Genetta : *Genetta tigrina*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Galerella genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Herpestidae : *Galerella*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Parahyaena brunnea species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae : Parahyaena : *Parahyaena brunnea*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Crocuta crocuta species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae : Crocuta : *Crocuta crocuta*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Bulinus genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bulinidae : *Bulinus*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Ictonyx striatus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Ictonyx : *Ictonyx striatus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Mellivora capensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Mellivora : *Mellivora capensis*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Canis mesomelas species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Canis : *Canis mesomelas*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Georychus capensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Bathyergidae : Georychus : *Georychus capensis*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Bathyergus suillus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Bathyergidae : Bathyergus : *Bathyergus suillus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Tragelaphus strepsiceros species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : *Tragelaphus strepsiceros*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Oreotragus oreotragus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Oreotragus : *Oreotragus oreotragus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Hystrix africaeaustralis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Hystricidae : Hystrix : *Hystrix africaeaustralis*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Vulpes chama species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Vulpes : *Vulpes chama*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Herpestes pulverulentus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Herpestidae : Herpestes : *Herpestes pulverulentus*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Damaliscus dorcas species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Damaliscus : *Damaliscus dorcas*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Haplostigma genus	Plantae : Pteridophyta : *Haplostigma*	393.3 - 358.9 Ma Devonian
Lugubrilaria lugubris species	Lugubrilaria : *Lugubrilaria lugubris*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Podocarpus genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Pinopsida : Pinales : Podocarpaceae : *Podocarpus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Damalacra genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Damalacra*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Damalacra neanica species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Damalacra : *Damalacra neanica*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Striostrea margaritacea species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Ostreida : Ostreidae : Striostrea : *Striostrea margaritacea*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Aulacomya atra species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Mytilida : Mytilidae : Aulacomya : *Aulacomya atra*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Assiminea genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Assimineidae : *Assiminea*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Olea genus	Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Lamiales : Oleaceae : *Olea*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Promissum pulchrum species	Animalia : Chordata : Balognathidae : Promissum : *Promissum pulchrum*	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Equus capensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus : *Equus capensis*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Phalacrocorax carbo species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Phalacrocoracidae : Phalacrocorax : *Phalacrocorax carbo*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Oceanites zaloscarthmus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Procellariiformes : Hydrobatidae : Oceanites : *Oceanites zaloscarthmus*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Pelecanoides cymatotrypetes species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Procellariiformes : Pelecanoididae : Pelecanoides : *Pelecanoides cymatotrypetes*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Scutellastra barbara species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Patellogastropoda : Patellidae : Scutellastra : *Scutellastra barbara*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Scutellastra cochlear species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Patellogastropoda : Patellidae : Scutellastra : *Scutellastra cochlear*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Onychopterella augusti species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Xiphosura : Eurypterida : Onychopterellidae : Onychopterella : *Onychopterella augusti*	445.2 - 443.4 Ma Paleozoic
Eostropheodonta discumbata species	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Strophomenata : Strophomenida : Stropheodontidae : Strophodonta : *Eostropheodonta discumbata*	445.2 - 440.8 Ma Paleozoic
Ovibovini tribe	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Ovibovini	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Chrysochloris arenosa species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Afrosoricida : Chrysochloridae : Chrysochloris : *Chrysochloris arenosa*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Chrysochloris bronneri species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Afrosoricida : Chrysochloridae : Chrysochloris : *Chrysochloris bronneri*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Struthio camelus australis subspecies	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Struthioniformes : Struthionidae : Struthio : *Struthio camelus australis*	7.246 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Geronticus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes : Threskiornithidae : *Geronticus*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Phalacrocorax capensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Phalacrocoracidae : Phalacrocorax : *Phalacrocorax capensis*	0.781 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Pternistis capensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Galliformes : Phasianidae : Pternistis : *Pternistis capensis*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Lynx issiodorensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Lynx : *Lynx issiodorensis*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Thalasseus bergii species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Thalasseus : *Thalasseus bergii*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Sterna hirundo species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Sterna : *Sterna hirundo*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Haematopus moquini species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Haematopodidae : Haematopus : *Haematopus moquini*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Bubo africanus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Strigiformes : Strigidae : Bubo : *Bubo africanus*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Microcarbo coronatus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Phalacrocoracidae : Microcarbo : *Microcarbo coronatus*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Morus capensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Sulidae : Morus : *Morus capensis*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Thalasseus sandvicensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Thalasseus : *Thalasseus sandvicensis*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Burhinus capensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Burhinidae : Burhinus : *Burhinus capensis*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Phalacrocorax neglectus species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Phalacrocoracidae : Phalacrocorax : *Phalacrocorax neglectus*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Chroicocephalus hartlaubii species	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Chroicocephalus : *Chroicocephalus hartlaubii*	0.0117 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Chersina angulata species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : Chersina : *Chersina angulata*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Sivatherium hendeyi species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : Sivatherium : *Sivatherium hendeyi*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Palaeotragus germaini species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : Palaeotragus : *Palaeotragus germaini*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Mesembriportax acrae species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Mesembriportax : *Mesembriportax acrae*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Simatherium demissum species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Simatherium : *Simatherium demissum*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Raphicerus paralius species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Raphicerus : *Raphicerus paralius*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Gazella praethomsoni species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Gazella : *Gazella praethomsoni*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Phenacotragus vanhoepeni species	Phenacotragus : *Phenacotragus vanhoepeni*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Antidorcas marsupialis australis subspecies	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Antidorcas : *Antidorcas marsupialis australis*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Parmularius angusticornis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Parmularius : *Parmularius angusticornis*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Hippotragus niro species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Hippotragus : *Hippotragus niro*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Kobus porrecticornis species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : *Kobus porrecticornis*	23.03 - 0 Ma Cenozoic
Kobus subdolus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : *Kobus subdolus*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Redunca ancystrocera species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Redunca : *Redunca ancystrocera*	23.03 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Hippotragus gigas species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Hippotragus : *Hippotragus gigas*	2.588 - 0 Ma Quaternary
Damalacra acalla species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Damalacra : *Damalacra acalla*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Bubalis priscus species	Bubalis : *Bubalis priscus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Nyanzachoerus jaegeri species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Nyanzachoerus : *Nyanzachoerus jaegeri*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Pecarichoerus africanus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Tayassuidae : Pecarichoerus : *Pecarichoerus africanus*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Procavia antiqua species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyracoidea : Procaviidae : Procavia : *Procavia antiqua*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Euryboas genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Hyaenidae : *Euryboas*	7.246 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Burnupia genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Burnupiidae : *Burnupia*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Ceratophallus genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Planorbidae : *Ceratophallus*	3.6 - 0.0117 Ma Cenozoic
Papio ursinus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae : Papio : *Papio ursinus*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene

Fossil Localities

Click to show 31 fossil localities

Other Databases

Wikipedia:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_District_Municipality
Wikidata ID:	Q2006503
GeoNames ID:	8347356

Localities in this Region

South Africa

Western Cape
- West Coast District Municipality

South Africa

Western Cape
- West Coast District Municipality

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

AfricaContinent

African PlateTectonic Plate

Cape Fold BeltOrogenic Belt
Namaqua-Natal BeltOrogenic Belt
Southwest African Coastal basinBasin

Atlantic OceanOcean

South Africa

Southern Great Escarpment

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West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South AfricaiRegional Level TypesWest Coast District MunicipalityDistrict Western CapeProvince South AfricaCountry function showexplain() { $("#locexplain").toggle(); if (typeof movemap === "function") movemap(); }

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West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa i
Regional Level Types
West Coast District Municipality District
Western Cape Province
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